Yearly Archives: 2025

　　The typical depth of the V-cut is 3/4 of the board¨s thickness. If you plan to use V-cuts, we recommend maintaining a safe distance from the V-cut line to any traces. Please consider this when designing your panels.In addition to innate advantages, PCB meaning Its own product attributes are also extremely high-end, in order to remain unbeaten in the market competition. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　V-cut example 1

　　

　　V-cut Example 1

　　

　　V-cut example 2

　　

　　V-cut Example 2

　　

　　V-cut example 3

　　

　　V-cut Example 3

　　

　　V-Cut Machine

　　The image above is from the crowdfunding project ＾Neosegment Digit￣ by Maks Surguy on Crowd Supply. The project has gained significant attention, raising a total of $6,500. We are proud to support Maks in assembling this project.in fact FLEX PCB It is more and more welcomed by our customers, and its market performance is gradually improving. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　Wellcircuits has also assisted creators with the assembly of the following projects on Crowd Supply:

　　

　　ALio Proto Board: The All-in-One Prototyping Board

　　

　　Neosegment Digit

　　

　　Paperino

　　

　　Crowd Supply is a popular crowdfunding platform based in Portland, Oregon, known for supporting creators in bringing innovative and useful hardware to life. Their mission is to provide the necessary funding and resources to help creators deliver high-quality products to their backers.

　　

　　We first met at the 2017 Open Source Hardware Summit, where we discussed the potential for future collaboration. Both of our goals are aligned in helping enthusiasts bring their projects to life. Today, we are excited to announce our partnership:

　　

　　Any successful crowdfunding project on Crowd Supply is eligible for a 10% discount (up to $300) on PCB assembly services at Wellcircuits. You can also apply for a coupon code for your backers. Simply send your project link to anson@wellcircuits.com to receive your discount.

　　

　　As a professional PCB production and assembly company, Wellcircuits has earned a strong reputation among engineers worldwide. This partnership will leverage our strengths to ensure smooth execution for crowdfunding projects. All of our components are original, and we guarantee on-time delivery, ensuring your supporters receive their products as quickly as possible. Additionally, you can count on excellent after-sales service at Wellcircuits.

　　

　　Let¨s create something amazing together!

　　Schematic Diagram (Preferred format: DSN or SCH)From the demand side, FLEX PCB More in line with the psychological expectations of consumers, willing to pay for the things they like. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　Schematic Diagram

　　

　　Structure Diagram (Preferred format: DXF or DWG)

　　

　　Structure Diagram

　　

　　Component Datasheet (Include component dimension drawing; this is essential for packaging)

　　

　　Component Datasheet

　　

　　Special Requirements (Any specific details or concerns to be aware of)

　　What is High Frequency (HF) PCB?On the other hand, FLEX PCB It also brings tangible benefits to everyone and feels useful. It is a model of the industry. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　High Frequency PCB

　　

　　In today¨s technological landscape, high-frequency electronic devices are becoming increasingly essential, particularly in wireless networks. The rapid growth of satellite communications and the shift toward high-speed, high-frequency information products demand the use of high-frequency substrates. Devices like satellite systems, mobile phone base stations, and other communication products require high-frequency PCBs for optimal performance.

　　

　　Key Features of High Frequency PCBs

　　

　　High Frequency PCB Features

　　

　　The dielectric constant (DK) should be small and stable, with lower values minimizing signal delay.

　　

　　The dissipation factor (DF) should also be low to ensure high-quality signal transmission, reducing signal loss.

　　

　　Thermal expansion properties should be matched with the copper foil to prevent separation due to temperature variations.

　　

　　Water absorption must be low, as higher absorption can negatively impact the dielectric constant (DK) and dissipation factor (DF) in humid environments.

　　

　　The material must exhibit excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, impact endurance, and peel strength.

　　

　　Materials Used in High-Frequency Circuit Boards

　　

　　Materials for High Frequency PCBs

　　

　　High-frequency PCBs for wireless applications and high-speed data transmission, especially those in the GHz range, require specific material properties:

　　

　　Adapted permittivity (dielectric constant).

　　

　　Low attenuation to ensure efficient signal transmission.

　　

　　Homogeneous construction with low tolerances in insulation thickness and dielectric constant.

　　

　　Typically, high-frequency is defined as frequencies above 1 GHz. Currently, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), commonly known as Teflon, is widely used for high-frequency PCBs, especially those operating above 5 GHz. FR4 and PPO substrates are commonly used for frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz. The differences between these materials are as follows:

　　

　　Regarding laminate cost, FR4 is the least expensive, while Teflon is the most costly. In terms of dielectric constant (DK), dissipation factor (DF), water absorption, and frequency characteristics, Teflon outperforms the other substrates. For applications requiring frequencies above 10 GHz, Teflon is the optimal choice, despite its higher cost and poorer heat resistance properties. To enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of PTFE, fillers like SiO2 or fiberglass are added. Additionally, because PTFE has molecular inertia and doesn¨t easily bond with copper foil, special surface treatments (such as chemical or plasma etching) are used to improve adhesion, though these may affect the dielectric performance.

　　Flexible circuits, also known globally as flex circuits, flexible printed circuit boards, flex print, or flexi-circuits, are part of the electronic and interconnection family. They consist of a thin insulating polymer film with conductive circuit patterns affixed to it, usually coated with a thin polymer for protection.In the eyes of industry experts, RF PCB Indeed, it has great development potential, which makes many investors more interested. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　The technology has been used for interconnecting electronic devices since the 1950s and is now a crucial interconnection technology in many advanced electronic products today.

　　

　　pick-and-place-2.jpg

　　

　　Size and Weight Reduction Benefits of Flexible Circuitry

　　

　　Wiring solutions that fit where rigid boards cannot.

　　

　　Thin, lightweight products that are durable.

　　

　　Miniaturized versions of existing technologies.

　　

　　Three-dimensional packaging geometry.

　　

　　A low number of device interconnects.

　　

　　Shock and vibration resistance.

　　

　　These benefits highlight flexible circuitry as an ideal solution for mobile consumer electronics. Inside modern devices like smartphones and laptops, flexible circuitry plays a critical role.

　　

　　In mobile devices, using rigid circuitry would result in devices that are too large, heavy, and fragile to carry conveniently, exemplified by the Osborne I, the first fully powered mobile computer, weighing an intimidating 24.5 pounds. Size and weight reduction is only part of the flexible circuit story; they are also ideal for high-temperature and high-density applications.

　　

　　High Temperature and High-Density Applications

　　

　　Flex circuits, often made of polyimide or similar polymers, dissipate heat better than most rigid circuit board materials. This feature allows flexible circuits to be placed in locations where heat would impact the performance of rigid circuit boards.

　　

　　Flexible circuit boards can withstand extreme temperatures ranging from -200＜C to 400＜C, making them desirable for borehole measurements in the oil and gas industry and preferred in industrial sensor technologies for their small size and durability.

　　

　　High temperature resistance, combined with chemical resistance, excellent resistance to radiation and UV exposure, and the ability to control impedances in high-density designs, makes flexible circuits highly beneficial for manufacturers.

　　

　　Why Not Make All Circuit Boards Flexible?

　　

　　Flexible circuit boards are certainly useful, but they are not going to replace rigid circuit boards for all applications. Cost efficiency is the main obstacle to implementing an exclusively flexible circuit board design in a consumer product. Rigid circuit boards are less expensive to manufacture and install in a typical automated high-volume fabricating facility.

　　

　　Typically, the ideal solution for an innovative product is one that incorporates flexible circuitry when necessary, and employs solid, reliable rigid circuit boards where possible to keep manufacturing and assembly costs down.

　　01After that, Puremind RV Air Conditioners Not afraid of the future, dare to fight and fight, and won applause again and again in the market. https://puremind.com/

　　

　　If you leave home for a day …

　　

　　Kureczka said: “If you just leave home for one day, it is more energy-saving to turn on the air conditioner, but you should raise the temperature by several degrees instead of keeping the comfortable temperature set at home.”

　　

　　If the house is unoccupied for only a day or two, the same direction applies.

　　

　　It’s not necessarily a bad thing to turn off the air conditioner during the day. Either way, the speed of the air conditioner is the same-it just takes longer to cool the hot space. In fact, if you drive at normal temperature all day, you may consume more energy than if you turn it off and have a meeting at night.

　　

　　Air conditioning is not only to cool the space, but also to greatly reduce the humidity level. When the air conditioner is turned off for more than a few hours, the humidity level begins to rise, which may easily lead to mold growth, damage to electronic products, and warping and deformation of wood products. In addition, pets left at home may also be at risk of overheating and discomfort, which may occur especially in hot and humid climate.

　　

　　This is why it is suggested to turn on the air conditioner, but turn up the temperature. The U.S. Department of Energy pointed out that higher indoor temperature will actually slow down the flow of heat into the house, thus saving energy and money.

　　

　　When you get home, don’t turn the air conditioner down too low to “speed up” the cooling process, so that the room won’t get cold faster, and it will only increase energy consumption (cost money).

　　

　　02

　　

　　If you leave home for more than two days …

　　

　　If the whole family (including pets) has been away from home for more than two days, the equipment can be turned off. Kureczka said, “Turn off the air conditioner, and you can save a lot of energy and bills.”

　　

　　This means that when you come back, the temperature inside the room may not be very good and you will feel stuffy. Kureczka suggested, “Installing an intelligent thermostat is a good way to monitor and control the energy efficiency of your home, even if you are not at home-you can turn up the temperature before you leave and then turn it down on your way home.”

　　

　　She also suggested that if you go out for more than a few hours, please close the curtains, which can effectively block the sun, so that the air conditioning unit does not have to work so hard. Especially in areas with extreme temperatures, this will make a huge difference.

　　

　　03

　　

　　At home …

　　

　　The US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency suggest that the thermostat should be set to 26≧ or higher during the day, 28≧ when sleeping and 29≧ when going out.

　　

　　Think this setting temperature is too high? When the temperature is reduced to 26≧, compared with 22≧, it can save 25% of the electricity bill.

　　

　　Kureczka said: “It varies from person to person to adjust the temperature as high as possible while maintaining comfort. Generally speaking, increasing the temperature by 1 C will help reduce the cooling cost by 5%. “

　　

　　If it is acceptable to adjust the temperature higher than you are used to, then other measures may also make you feel comfortable, such as using ceiling fans. But the ceiling fan will not change the temperature, so remember to turn off the electric fan when you leave the room. Otherwise, you have to pay unnecessary electricity bills.

　　

　　Finally, try to ensure that the house is insulated, so that cold air will not escape and hot air will not sneak in.

　　It’s getting hot, and it’s time to turn on the air conditioner. But can you really use air conditioning? Is it only cooling in summer and heating in winter? Air-conditioning remote controllers are generally equipped with a variety of use modes, and different modes have different use effects. Let’s take a look at it.However, with the development of the industry, commercial heating and cooling It will also bring us more and more consumer experiences, so that users can really feel the upgrade and change. https://puremind.com/product-category/puremind-air-conditioner/commercial-air-conditioner/

　　

　　Cool feeling mode

　　

　　Applicable people: afraid of heat and cold.

　　

　　Blowing the air conditioner in summer is cool, because the room temperature is lowered, and because the cold air blown by the air conditioner blows on the body, it plays the role of an electric fan.

　　

　　The principle of the “cool feeling” function is simple: control the angle and speed of the air outlet to prevent the air conditioner from blowing at people-the traditional way is to adjust the angle of the air deflector and the speed of the fan, and the new air conditioner is even equipped with an infrared probe to prevent the wind from blowing directly at people, which is very friendly to people who are afraid of cold stars.

　　

　　Air supply mode

　　

　　Applicable scenario: when it is not too hot

　　

　　Air conditioning is a combination of “cooling/heating+fan”, and the “air supply” function is to turn on the fan instead of starting the compressor, electric heating wire and other temperature-related components of the air conditioning.

　　

　　If you want to improve the air quality, breathe and smell, you need air conditioning with fresh air system.

　　

　　Eco mode

　　

　　Applicable scene: before going to sleep

　　

　　”eco”, the abbreviation of economic, is also called “energy saving” mode.

　　

　　It is suggested that the air conditioner can be changed to this mode before going to bed. When you fall asleep at a comfortable room temperature, the air conditioner will change the temperature, increasing it in summer and decreasing it in winter. In short, it will reduce the power consumption until it is completely turned off, that is, the “sleep” mode.

　　

　　Dehumidification mode

　　

　　Applicable scene: hot and humid weather

　　

　　Both “dehumidification” and “refrigeration” modes will produce refrigeration effect. The difference is that after the “dehumidification” mode is turned on, the air conditioner will appropriately cool the indoor air, let the water vapor condense into water, and then discharge it to the outside-reducing the indoor humidity, and people’s body temperature will be cooler. The main purpose of the “refrigeration” mode is to reduce the indoor temperature, and the water vapor in the condensed air is an incidental effect.

　　

　　From the effect point of view, after opening the “dehumidification” mode, although the air conditioning temperature is not very low and it does not consume too much electricity, it will be more comfortable.

　　

　　It should be noted that this function is only effective in areas with humid climate. If you live in a dry area, this function is not recommended.

　　

　　Automatic mode

　　

　　Applicable people: people who need indoor constant temperature and people who use company air conditioning.

　　

　　To choose this mode, you need to set a temperature first, say 26 degrees Celsius. If the room temperature is lower than 26 degrees Celsius, the air conditioner will start heating; If the room temperature is higher than 26 degrees Celsius, the air conditioner will start to cool.

　　

　　Auxiliary heating mode

　　

　　Applicable scene: when you just enter the house in winter and are about to be frozen.

　　

　　There are two ways to heat by air conditioning. One is a porter who relies on heat-compressor. From the thermodynamic point of view, using compression mechanism to save heat and electricity, but the heating speed is slow, and when it is particularly cold outdoors, such as below 0 degrees Celsius, the heating efficiency will become low.

　　

　　The other is the producer of heat-electric heating wire. “Auxiliary heating” is the option of turning on the electric heating wire, which can assist the compressor to achieve the effect of rapid heating. After the room temperature reaches the set temperature, just keep the temperature by the compression mechanism. At this time, the “auxiliary heating” function can be turned off in order to save electricity.

　　

　　Everyone can use these functions as much as possible. After all, we spent thousands of dollars to buy an air conditioner, and if we don’t drain all its functions, we will lose money!

It is reported that, cnc machining services The data performance is getting better and better, which is of great reference value and is likely to become the vane of the industry. https://www.ultirapid.com/services/cnc-machining/

According to a Reuters report quoted by KCNA on March 20, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un directed the ground ignition test of a new medium-and long-range hypersonic missile with a multistage solid fuel engine as part of North Korea’s plan to develop its national defense capabilities.

KCNA said the test was carried out on the morning and afternoon of the 19th at the Sohai Satellite Launch Site near the west coast of North Korea.

The report said that the test was a great success, and the timetable for the development and completion of the new medium-and long-range hypersonic missile weapon system was determined.

The report mentioned that in January this year, North Korea conducted a flight test of a medium-range hypersonic missile. At that time, North Korea announced that it had used a new solid fuel engine and also conducted operational tests of a mobile warhead.

KCNA did not disclose details about the engine tested on the 19th, nor did it explain the type of technology tested.

The report pointed out that North Korea is developing an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of striking the United States. (Compiled by Hu Xue)

　　There are many kinds of refrigeration methods, such as gas expansion refrigeration, liquid gasification refrigeration, vortex tube refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration. Among them, liquid gasification refrigeration is the most widely used, and its working principle is to realize refrigeration by using the heat absorption of liquid gasification.In the long run, Marine Air Conditioner 115V The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://puremind.com/product-category/puremind-air-conditioner/marine-air-conditioner/

　　

　　1, the working principle of air conditioning (mainly refrigeration, heating on the contrary):

　　

　　The high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant discharged from the compressor flows through the outdoor heat exchanger through the four-way valve, and dissipates heat to the outdoor air through heating transfer, and the refrigerant changes from gaseous state to liquid state-throttles and depressurizes through capillary (or solenoid valve)-one-way valve-filter-two-way valve (outdoor high-pressure pipe)-enters the indoor heat exchanger to absorb heat (realize refrigeration)-outdoor three-way valve (outdoor low-pressure pipe). Complete a single-loop refrigeration cycle.

　　

　　2. Types of components in refrigeration system:

　　

　　The air conditioning refrigeration system is mainly composed of four parts and some auxiliary equipment in the refrigeration system.

　　

　　The four major pieces are:

　　

　　compressor

　　

　　condenser

　　

　　Throttle mechanism

　　

　　Evaporator composition.

　　

　　Auxiliary equipment:

　　

　　Oil separator;

　　

　　Drying filter;

　　

　　Liquid storage tank;

　　

　　Electromagnetic four-way reversing valve;

　　

　　Solenoid valve; Check valve

　　

　　3, the working principle of each component

　　

　　Compressor: As the “heart” of refrigeration system, it has an important influence on the performance, noise, energy consumption, vibration and service life of air conditioning. According to the principle of thermodynamics, it can be divided into volumetric type and velocity type.

　　

　　Volumetric type: a certain volume of gas is sucked into the cylinder and the internal volume of the cylinder is changed to realize gas compression and forced discharge.

　　

　　Speed type: make the inhaled gas get a certain speed, and then slow down, so that kinetic energy can be converted into pressure energy and then discharged. The growth of gas is converted from speed.

　　

　　one

　　

　　Scroll compressor: It is formed by meshing two vortexes of stator and rotor.

　　

　　Rotor compressor: it consists of spindle with eccentric wheel, cylinder, sleeve, air inlet, slide plate, spring, exhaust valve and exhaust port.

　　

　　Condenser: The condenser transfers the refrigerating capacity of the evaporator in the refrigeration system to the environmental medium (cooling water or air) together with the power consumption of the compressor. According to cooling, it can be divided into air-cooled type, water-cooled type and evaporative type. When cooling, it mainly radiates heat to the outside, and when heating, it absorbs heat to the outside.

　　

　　Evaporator: The main function of the evaporator is to boil and evaporate the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant liquid that has entered the throttle in the evaporator, absorb the heat of the cooled medium, and then become low-pressure saturated (usually overheated) vapor itself, which is continuously sucked away by the compressor. In other words, the evaporator is a heat exchange device that absorbs heat (that is, outputs cold energy).

　　

　　Throttle element: Throttle element is one of the four main elements in the refrigeration system. Its main function is to throttle and reduce the pressure of high-pressure liquid refrigerant, ensure the pressure difference between condenser and evaporator, and make the refrigerant entering the evaporator absorb heat and evaporate at the required low pressure, thus achieving the purpose of refrigeration and cooling. Adjust the refrigerant flow into the evaporator to adapt to the load change of the evaporator and make the system run normally.

　　

　　Capillary: It is a very thin tube, usually with an inner diameter of 0.5 ~ 2.5 mm and a length of 1 ~ 5 m.. When the refrigerant flows in the tube, it is necessary to overcome the resistance in the tube, which naturally produces a certain pressure drop.

　　

　　Capillary characteristics: Because it is in the normally open state, when the compressor stops, the high and low pressure can be quickly balanced, which is conducive to the compressor starting again. Simple structure, convenient manufacture and low price. For the heat pump system, there is no import and export problem in the throttling process of refrigerant in capillary [this article source: refrigeration encyclopedia WeChat official account” target=_blank>. Using capillary refrigeration system, the performance of the unit is very sensitive to the refrigerant charge. When the operating conditions of the refrigeration system change, the capillary tube has poor ability to adjust the refrigerant flow. Due to the small inner diameter of capillary and long pipeline, it is easy to be blocked, so attention should be paid to the drying and cleaning of the system. Generally, a dry filter is set in front of the capillary to prevent clogging.

　　

　　Thermal expansion valve: the regulating valve that controls the liquid supply of evaporator, and it is also the throttle valve of refrigeration device. Thermal expansion valve uses the change of superheat of refrigerant at evaporator outlet to adjust the flow. According to different structures, it can be divided into internal balance type and external balance type.

　　

　　Disadvantages of thermal expansion valve: low control precision and limited adjustment range. The diaphragm deformation of valve body is limited, which makes the change range of valve needle opening smaller, so the adjustment range of flow is small. When large flow regulation is required, it cannot be met. The high-temperature gas at the place where the signal feedback has a lag evaporator must first heat the shell of the temperature sensor, which has a large thermal inertia, leading to the lag of the reaction.

　　

　　2

　　

　　Electronic expansion valve: the application of electronic expansion valve overcomes the shortcomings of thermal expansion valve and provides conditions for the intelligence of refrigeration device. The electric signal generated by adjusting parameters is mainly used to control the voltage or current applied to the expansion valve, so as to achieve the purpose of adjustment, so that the control system of the electronic expansion valve is complicated and the price is high.

　　

　　Electronic expansion valve classification:

　　

　　Electromagnetic electronic expansion valve;

　　

　　Electric electronic expansion valve.

　　

　　4. Auxiliary equipment of refrigeration system

　　

　　Oil separator: The high-pressure gas (gaseous working medium and lubricating oil) from the compressor enters the oil separator to separate the lubricating oil from the working medium gas and flows down along the inner wall of the cylinder. The working gas is led out of the oil separator from the central pipe through the porous baffle. The separated lubricating oil is concentrated in the lower part of the oil separator and can be discharged regularly, or the lubricating oil can be automatically returned to the crankcase of the compressor by using the ball valve.

　　

　　Drying filter: The function of drying filter is to absorb moisture in refrigeration system, prevent impurities in the system from passing through, and prevent the pipeline of refrigeration system from being blocked by ice and dirt. Because the most easily blocked part of the system is the capillary (or expansion valve), the drying filter is usually installed between the condenser and the capillary (or expansion valve).

　　

　　Liquid storage tank: During the operation of the refrigeration system, the circulating amount of refrigerant in the system will change due to the change of working conditions or the adjustment of refrigeration capacity. Setting the liquid storage tank can balance and stabilize the refrigerant circulation in the system by using the liquid storage capacity of the liquid storage tank, so that the refrigeration system can be in normal operation. In addition, when a component in the refrigeration system fails and needs to be dismantled and repaired, the system refrigerant can be recovered to the liquid storage tank through certain operation methods.

　　

　　The liquid storage tank is generally arranged between the condenser and the throttling element, so that the refrigerant liquid in the condenser can smoothly enter the liquid storage tank. The position of the liquid storage tank should be lower than that of the condenser.

　　

　　Electromagnetic four-way reversing valve: after the electromagnetic coil is energized, it changes the action direction of the valve block in the valve body and changes the flow direction of the refrigerant. So as to achieve the purpose of cooling or heating.

　　

　　three

　　

　　Solenoid valve: Solenoid valve is usually installed in front of the expansion valve to directly control the amount of refrigerant entering the evaporator. It can also be installed before the compressor unloading cylinder to control the unloading of the compressor cylinder.

　　

　　There are two kinds:

　　

　　Direct opening and closing solenoid valve;

　　

　　Indirect solenoid valve.

　　

　　One-way valve: The one-way valve is usually connected in parallel with the auxiliary capillary, and the two are connected in series with the main capillary. One-way valve is a tubular element with a movable spherical or hemispherical plug made of stainless steel or nylon. Combined with capillary tube, it can adapt to two different operating conditions of refrigeration and heating.

　　

　　5. Types and States of Refrigerant

　　

　　Air conditioning refrigerants mainly include R22, R410A and R32.

　　

　　R22 is a medium-temperature refrigerant, with the standard of -40.8 degrees, the solubility of water in R22 is very small, and it is mutually soluble with mineral oil, and R22 does not burn or explode, with little toxicity and strong permeability.

　　

　　R410A is a HFC refrigerant which is composed of R32 and R125 by 50% and 50% by mass. [This article comes from WeChat official account, a refrigeration encyclopedia” target=_blank>, which belongs to a near azeotrope, and its thermodynamic properties are very close to that of a single refrigerant. Compared with R22, R410A’s condensation pressure is increased by 1.6 times, and it is a high-pressure refrigerant, so it is necessary to improve the compression strength of the system.

　　

　　R32 is the abbreviation of difluoromethane, which is a kind of coolant with zero ozone loss potential. It is a gas at room temperature and a colorless and transparent liquid under its own pressure. It is soluble in oil and insoluble in water, and it is an energy-saving and carbon-reducing environment-friendly non-toxic refrigerant, but it is flammable and explosive!

　　

　　6. Refrigerant status

　　

　　Saturated refrigerant: Vapor-liquid conversion in saturated refrigerant is in transport equilibrium, and liquid and gas at this time are in saturation.

　　

　　There is a one-to-one correspondence between saturation temperature and saturation pressure, and the saturation pressure increases with the increase of saturation temperature, and one of them will change and the other will change accordingly. In the system, the refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat and the refrigerant in the condenser releases heat, where the refrigerant is saturated.

　　

　　Superheat: Under a certain pressure, the temperature of superheated steam exceeds the saturation temperature.

　　

　　Overheating: the temperature of refrigerant vapor in superheated refrigerant is higher than the saturation temperature under the corresponding saturation pressure, and the liquid refrigerant will overheat after evaporation. In the case of overheating, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the temperature and pressure of refrigerant gas.

　　

　　Near the outlet of the evaporator, the refrigerant continues to absorb heat after complete evaporation and becomes superheated refrigerant with a temperature higher than the saturation temperature. The refrigerant enters the compressor through the suction pipe in case of overheating.

　　

　　Supercooling: The liquid temperature of the supercooled refrigerant is lower than the saturation temperature at the corresponding saturation pressure, and supercooling will only occur when there is no steam in the fluid refrigerant. In the case of supercooling, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the temperature and pressure of refrigerant liquid.

　　

　　Between the outlet of the condenser and the throttle valve, the refrigerant may continue to cool exothermically and become supercooled after condensing into saturated liquid.

On the other hand, cnc machining services It also brings tangible benefits to everyone and feels useful. It is a model of the industry. https://www.ultirapid.com/services/cnc-machining/

According to a report by the Hindustan Times on March 12, a Shine fighter jet of the Indian Air Force crashed near Jaysermer during a combat flight training on the 12th. The pilot ejected and escaped before the crash.

The Indian Air Force said in a statement: During today’s combat flight training, an Indian Air Force Shine fighter plane encountered an accident in Jaysermer. Pilot ejected safely (escape). The Indian Air Force has established a court of inquiry to find out the cause of the accident.

According to Reuters, this was the first such crash since the Korn fighter jet was installed in the Indian Air Force in 2016. An Indian Air Force officer told Reuters that the crash on the 12th broke the aircraft’s safe flight record since its first test flight more than 20 years ago.

The Hindustan Times reported that the Shining Fighter is an Indian-made supersonic aircraft. In 1984, the light fighter plan proposed by the Indian government prompted India to establish the Aviation Development Authority to take charge of its research and development. Hindustan Aviation Limited leads the design and development of this aircraft. (Compiled by Xu Yanhong)