Yearly Archives: 2025

　　With the rapid development of science and technology, digital and virtual assets have gradually become an important part of people’s lives. How to manage these assets safely and conveniently has become an urgent problem. Under this background, the emergence of digital wallet provides us with a brand-new solution. icash.one official website is committed to creating a powerful and personalized digital wallet for users to help users better manage, trade and protect their digital assets.Therefore, this is the choice icash‘§∏∂ø® The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Today, with the increasing number of digital assets, a single payment function can no longer meet the needs of users. At the beginning of its design, icash.one focused on the user experience and paid attention to the comprehensive functional layout. Whether it is storage, sending, receiving or trading, users can easily complete it on this platform. Through the account management function, users can check their asset changes at any time and master the financial dynamics. At the same time, the classified management system provided, Users can freely create different asset groups according to their own needs. This function not only simplifies the management process, but also enables users to recognize their asset portfolios more clearly.

　　Security is one of the most important considerations of digital wallet. icash.one official website has adopted multiple security mechanisms, from user authentication to asset storage, and has carried out strict security design. Through distributed technology and encryption algorithm, all user data and transaction records have been effectively protected, and users’ assets will not be threatened by hacker attacks and data leakage, whether in public or private networks. In addition, the system also provides active monitoring and abnormal alarm functions to find any suspicious transactions in time.

　　In digital asset management, user experience is a factor that can’t be ignored. icash.one has made great efforts in interface design. The simple and intuitive operation interface allows every user to get started quickly, and both beginners and experienced players can easily find the required functions. At the same time, the mobile application of the platform constantly optimizes, which ensures that users can manage their wallets conveniently at any time and any place. Through real-time notification function, users can grasp the transaction dynamics in time, so that every operation can be made in.

　　Socialization is also a highlight of icash.one. This platform is not only a personal asset management tool, but also encourages interaction and communication among users. Through social functions, users can easily share asset management experience, get suggestions from others, and even participate in community discussions. Such interaction not only increases the trust among users, but also promotes the popularization and development of digital assets. In addition, the platform adopts regularly published educational content to help users better understand the operating mechanism and market trends of digital assets.

　　In the increasingly fierce market competition, icash.one has always adhered to the principle of user-centeredness, and constantly carried out technological innovation and iterative update. Whether it is the expansion of functions or the improvement of security, the team has maintained a high degree of sensitivity, responded to market changes in time and met users’ needs. This flexibility has provided users with continuous use value, ensuring that they can always experience cutting-edge services and technologies in the process of digital asset management.

　　The digital wallet provided by icash.one official website not only has the basic functions of traditional wallets, but also strives to bring the best management experience to every user through innovative design, security and social interaction. As more and more people start to contact and use digital assets, this exclusive wallet will undoubtedly become a part of their lives, helping them to better manage their wealth in this digital era.

　　With the development of science and technology and the accelerated pace of life, people’s demand for payment methods has gradually changed to convenience and efficiency. Under this background, various electronic payments and digital currency emerge one after another, but some payment scenarios in real life still need practical and convenient solutions. At this time, the emergence of icash prepaid cards undoubtedly provides a simple and effective choice for our payment life.As it happens, many people are killed icash.oneπŸÕ¯ And bring more benefits, make it flourish, and promote the industry greatly. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Icash prepaid card is a kind of prepaid card. Users can recharge a certain amount of money into the card by purchasing this card, and then use it directly during consumption. Compared with the traditional cash payment, this method greatly simplifies the transaction process, and eliminates the cumbersome wallet management and the trouble of change. Whether shopping in shopping malls, dining in restaurants or even in daily small consumption, icash prepaid card can complete payment efficiently, completely releasing users’ time and energy.

　　In the process of use, the operation of icash prepaid card is very simple. You can easily complete the payment just by handing the card to the cashier, entering the password or scanning the code for confirmation. In any case, users can easily complete the transaction during the busy working hours in the morning or in the leisure afternoon on weekdays, avoiding all kinds of inconvenience caused by carrying cash. This convenience is particularly important, especially in the current social background that pays attention to efficiency.

　　Moreover, the application scope of icash prepaid cards is quite extensive. At present, it has covered many supermarkets, restaurants, entertainment and other industries. Users can choose suitable places to spend according to their own needs. On the one hand, using prepaid cards can not only save the time of payment, on the other hand, many merchants often provide additional preferential activities when using such cards to pay, helping users to further reduce their consumption burden. This dual advantage makes icash.

　　Security is also a highlight of icash prepaid cards. Compared with carrying a lot of cash, using prepaid cards is undoubtedly safer. Even if you accidentally lose them, you can stop the loss in time through related loss reporting services to protect your own funds. At the same time, the use of prepaid cards also avoids the common problems of shopping fraud and inconvenient payment. Therefore, more and more people are willing to choose this payment method to protect their money.

　　In the rapidly developing digital age, people’s lifestyles and consumption habits are constantly changing. In this process, adopting an effective payment method is not only to enhance convenience, but also to pursue the quality of life. With its convenient characteristics and strong applicability, icash prepaid cards meet the needs of modern consumers and make payment easier.

　　The payment method represented by icash prepaid card is not only a simple tool, but also brings a brand-new consumption experience. On this fast and convenient payment road, icash prepaid card undoubtedly plays an important role. In the future, with the further progress of science and technology and the improvement of people’s requirements for quality of life, prepaid cards will be more widely used and become an indispensable part of daily life.

　　With the development of science and technology and the accelerated pace of life, people’s demand for payment methods has gradually changed to convenience and efficiency. Under this background, various electronic payments and digital currency emerge one after another, but some payment scenarios in real life still need practical and convenient solutions. At this time, the emergence of icash prepaid cards undoubtedly provides a simple and effective choice for our payment life.in fact icash≥‰÷µø® Our related products were once praised by users, which is the best self-affirmation of the products. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Icash prepaid card is a kind of prepaid card. Users can recharge a certain amount of money into the card by purchasing this card, and then use it directly during consumption. Compared with the traditional cash payment, this method greatly simplifies the transaction process, and eliminates the cumbersome wallet management and the trouble of change. Whether shopping in shopping malls, dining in restaurants or even in daily small consumption, icash prepaid card can complete payment efficiently, completely releasing users’ time and energy.

　　In the process of use, the operation of icash prepaid card is very simple. You can easily complete the payment just by handing the card to the cashier, entering the password or scanning the code for confirmation. In any case, users can easily complete the transaction during the busy working hours in the morning or in the leisure afternoon on weekdays, avoiding all kinds of inconvenience caused by carrying cash. This convenience is particularly important, especially in the current social background that pays attention to efficiency.

　　Moreover, the application scope of icash prepaid cards is quite extensive. At present, it has covered many supermarkets, restaurants, entertainment and other industries. Users can choose suitable places to spend according to their own needs. On the one hand, using prepaid cards can not only save the time of payment, on the other hand, many merchants often provide additional preferential activities when using such cards to pay, helping users to further reduce their consumption burden. This dual advantage makes icash.

　　Security is also a highlight of icash prepaid cards. Compared with carrying a lot of cash, using prepaid cards is undoubtedly safer. Even if you accidentally lose them, you can stop the loss in time through related loss reporting services to protect your own funds. At the same time, the use of prepaid cards also avoids the common problems of shopping fraud and inconvenient payment. Therefore, more and more people are willing to choose this payment method to protect their money.

　　In the rapidly developing digital age, people’s lifestyles and consumption habits are constantly changing. In this process, adopting an effective payment method is not only to enhance convenience, but also to pursue the quality of life. With its convenient characteristics and strong applicability, icash prepaid cards meet the needs of modern consumers and make payment easier.

　　The payment method represented by icash prepaid card is not only a simple tool, but also brings a brand-new consumption experience. On this fast and convenient payment road, icash prepaid card undoubtedly plays an important role. In the future, with the further progress of science and technology and the improvement of people’s requirements for quality of life, prepaid cards will be more widely used and become an indispensable part of daily life.

　　In today’s era of globalization, travel has become an indispensable part of people’s lives. Whether going abroad to visit relatives, having business talks, or traveling for a holiday, many people will choose to use international payment methods to facilitate transactions. Among them, icash card, as a new payment method, is favored by travelers because of its convenience and efficiency.Today, people are interested in icashµ„ø® There are also many dependencies, and the expectations for products are getting higher and higher. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Icash point card is a kind of prepaid card, users can recharge a certain amount in the card and then spend it in the merchants who support the card. This advantage enables travelers to avoid complicated currency exchange and ensure the safety of the consumption process when they use it abroad. In this way, not only the convenience of payment is improved, but also the risks brought by carrying a lot of cash are avoided.

　　In the actual use process, the application and recharge of icash cards are relatively simple. Travelers only need to apply for cards in designated channels in China and recharge them. After recharging, the amount in the cards will take effect immediately, which provides great convenience for subsequent consumption. In addition, icash cards also support multiple currencies, which means that users do not have to worry about the conversion between currencies when spending in different countries and regions. When using icash cards, Travelers can experience many advantages. First of all, this payment method greatly reduces the psychological burden when spending abroad. Because of pre-charging, users can control their own consumption within a certain range and avoid the financial burden caused by irrational consumption behavior. Secondly, icash cards usually have corresponding consumption records, which is convenient for users to inquire and manage their expenses at any time, so as to understand their financial situation more clearly.

　　When choosing to use icash card, travelers need to pay attention to several matters. First, make sure to know the applicability and scope of use of the card in the destination country in detail before going out. The acceptance of merchants in different regions may be different, so knowing in advance can avoid unnecessary troubles. Secondly, knowing the handling fee and exchange rate information of the card may lead to higher handling fees in some cases, although it is convenient to use the card. Users should weigh the pros and cons when choosing. In addition, security is also an aspect that travelers can’t ignore. Although icash cards have good security performance, it is still an effective way to protect personal financial security by taking some necessary protective measures, keeping the privacy of cards, checking consumption records regularly, finding abnormal transactions in time and replacing cards when necessary.

　　In order to enable travelers to use icash card more smoothly, many related platforms have also launched a wealth of online and offline services. Users can check the card balance and consumption records at any time through the mobile phone application, and the recharge is faster than the traditional way. Some travel agencies and airlines will also cooperate with this card to launch exclusive offers to add additional benefits to users’ travel.

　　With the acceleration of internationalization, more and more travelers begin to pay attention to the convenience and security of payment methods. In such a big environment, point card payment is undoubtedly a very recommended choice. Whether traveling short distances or long distances, carrying an icash point card can not only save time, but also enhance the travel experience. By using this payment tool reasonably, travelers can ensure their financial security and transparent consumption while enjoying their travels.

　　With the rapid development of science and technology, digital and virtual assets have gradually become an important part of people’s lives. How to manage these assets safely and conveniently has become an urgent problem. Under this background, the emergence of digital wallet provides us with a brand-new solution. icash.one official website is committed to creating a powerful and personalized digital wallet for users to help users better manage, trade and protect their digital assets.Since then, more and more people have found that icash.oneπŸÕ¯ The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Today, with the increasing number of digital assets, a single payment function can no longer meet the needs of users. At the beginning of its design, icash.one focused on the user experience and paid attention to the comprehensive functional layout. Whether it is storage, sending, receiving or trading, users can easily complete it on this platform. Through the account management function, users can check their asset changes at any time and master the financial dynamics. At the same time, the classified management system provided, Users can freely create different asset groups according to their own needs. This function not only simplifies the management process, but also enables users to recognize their asset portfolios more clearly.

　　Security is one of the most important considerations of digital wallet. icash.one official website has adopted multiple security mechanisms, from user authentication to asset storage, and has carried out strict security design. Through distributed technology and encryption algorithm, all user data and transaction records have been effectively protected, and users’ assets will not be threatened by hacker attacks and data leakage, whether in public or private networks. In addition, the system also provides active monitoring and abnormal alarm functions to find any suspicious transactions in time.

　　In digital asset management, user experience is a factor that can’t be ignored. icash.one has made great efforts in interface design. The simple and intuitive operation interface allows every user to get started quickly, and both beginners and experienced players can easily find the required functions. At the same time, the mobile application of the platform constantly optimizes, which ensures that users can manage their wallets conveniently at any time and any place. Through real-time notification function, users can grasp the transaction dynamics in time, so that every operation can be made in.

　　Socialization is also a highlight of icash.one. This platform is not only a personal asset management tool, but also encourages interaction and communication among users. Through social functions, users can easily share asset management experience, get suggestions from others, and even participate in community discussions. Such interaction not only increases the trust among users, but also promotes the popularization and development of digital assets. In addition, the platform adopts regularly published educational content to help users better understand the operating mechanism and market trends of digital assets.

　　In the increasingly fierce market competition, icash.one has always adhered to the principle of user-centeredness, and constantly carried out technological innovation and iterative update. Whether it is the expansion of functions or the improvement of security, the team has maintained a high degree of sensitivity, responded to market changes in time and met users’ needs. This flexibility has provided users with continuous use value, ensuring that they can always experience cutting-edge services and technologies in the process of digital asset management.

　　The digital wallet provided by icash.one official website not only has the basic functions of traditional wallets, but also strives to bring the best management experience to every user through innovative design, security and social interaction. As more and more people start to contact and use digital assets, this exclusive wallet will undoubtedly become a part of their lives, helping them to better manage their wealth in this digital era.

　　With the rapid development of science and technology, digital and virtual assets have gradually become an important part of people’s lives. How to manage these assets safely and conveniently has become an urgent problem. Under this background, the emergence of digital wallet provides us with a brand-new solution. icash.one official website is committed to creating a powerful and personalized digital wallet for users to help users better manage, trade and protect their digital assets.Since then, more and more people have found that icash.oneπŸÕ¯ The value of, thus affecting the choice of many people. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Today, with the increasing number of digital assets, a single payment function can no longer meet the needs of users. At the beginning of its design, icash.one focused on the user experience and paid attention to the comprehensive functional layout. Whether it is storage, sending, receiving or trading, users can easily complete it on this platform. Through the account management function, users can check their asset changes at any time and master the financial dynamics. At the same time, the classified management system provided, Users can freely create different asset groups according to their own needs. This function not only simplifies the management process, but also enables users to recognize their asset portfolios more clearly.

　　Security is one of the most important considerations of digital wallet. icash.one official website has adopted multiple security mechanisms, from user authentication to asset storage, and has carried out strict security design. Through distributed technology and encryption algorithm, all user data and transaction records have been effectively protected, and users’ assets will not be threatened by hacker attacks and data leakage, whether in public or private networks. In addition, the system also provides active monitoring and abnormal alarm functions to find any suspicious transactions in time.

　　In digital asset management, user experience is a factor that can’t be ignored. icash.one has made great efforts in interface design. The simple and intuitive operation interface allows every user to get started quickly, and both beginners and experienced players can easily find the required functions. At the same time, the mobile application of the platform constantly optimizes, which ensures that users can manage their wallets conveniently at any time and any place. Through real-time notification function, users can grasp the transaction dynamics in time, so that every operation can be made in.

　　Socialization is also a highlight of icash.one. This platform is not only a personal asset management tool, but also encourages interaction and communication among users. Through social functions, users can easily share asset management experience, get suggestions from others, and even participate in community discussions. Such interaction not only increases the trust among users, but also promotes the popularization and development of digital assets. In addition, the platform adopts regularly published educational content to help users better understand the operating mechanism and market trends of digital assets.

　　In the increasingly fierce market competition, icash.one has always adhered to the principle of user-centeredness, and constantly carried out technological innovation and iterative update. Whether it is the expansion of functions or the improvement of security, the team has maintained a high degree of sensitivity, responded to market changes in time and met users’ needs. This flexibility has provided users with continuous use value, ensuring that they can always experience cutting-edge services and technologies in the process of digital asset management.

　　The digital wallet provided by icash.one official website not only has the basic functions of traditional wallets, but also strives to bring the best management experience to every user through innovative design, security and social interaction. As more and more people start to contact and use digital assets, this exclusive wallet will undoubtedly become a part of their lives, helping them to better manage their wealth in this digital era.

　　When preparing for international travel, ensuring your electronic devices can function seamlessly abroad is crucial. One essential item to pack is a power cord adapter. Different countries have varying electrical outlets and voltages, making it vital to select the right adapter to keep your gadgets charged and safe. This guide will help you understand how to choose the perfect power cord adapter for your travels.In some cases, professional power adapter manufacturerr The advantages will become more and more obvious, and it will be able to develop indomitable after market tests. https://www.jyh-electronic.com/

　　1. Understand the Types of Power Cord Adapters

　　Countries around the world use different plug types, which are categorized alphabetically from Type A to Type N. For example:

　　Type A: Common in North and Central America.

　　Type C: Widely used across Europe and Asia.

　　Type G: Found in the UK, Ireland, and several Asian countries.

　　Before purchasing a power cord adapter, check the plug type used in your destination country. Universal adapters often cover multiple plug types, making them ideal for frequent travelers.

　　2. Check the Voltage Compatibility

　　Electrical systems vary in voltage. For instance:

　　The U.S. and Canada typically use 110-120V.

　　Many European countries operate at 220-240V.

　　Most modern devices, like laptops and smartphones, support dual voltages (110-240V). However, if your device is single voltage, you’ll also need a voltage converter in addition to your power cord adapter.

　　3. Look for Additional Features

　　Some power cord adapters come with extra functionalities that enhance convenience, such as:

　　USB Ports: Allow direct charging of multiple devices like phones and tablets.

　　Surge Protection: Protects your electronics from unexpected power surges.

　　Compact Design: Lightweight and space-saving adapters are ideal for travel.

　　How to Choose the Right Power Cord Adapter for International Travel(夕1)

　　4. Consider the Number of Devices You¨ll Use

　　If you plan to charge multiple devices simultaneously, look for a power cord adapter with multiple outlets or USB ports. This eliminates the need to carry several adapters.

　　5. Check for Durability and Build Quality

　　Traveling exposes your gear to wear and tear. Invest in a high-quality power cord adapter made from durable materials to ensure it lasts through multiple trips.

　　6. Research Country-Specific Recommendations

　　Certain countries might require specific adapter types that aren’t included in universal models. For example, South Africa uses Type D or M plugs, which are less common. Research beforehand to avoid surprises.

　　7. Purchase from a Reliable Source

　　To avoid counterfeit or unsafe products, buy your power cord adapter from reputable retailers or brands. Certified adapters comply with safety standards, reducing the risk of malfunction.

　　Final Thoughts

　　Choosing the right power cord adapter for international travel ensures your devices stay powered, enabling a hassle-free journey. By considering the plug type, voltage compatibility, and additional features, you can find an adapter that perfectly suits your needs. Always plan ahead and invest in quality to enjoy a seamless travel experience.

　　With the right power cord adapter, you¨re one step closer to staying connected no matter where your adventures take you!

　　In today¨s fast-paced world, power efficiency is crucial. Whether you¨re powering high-performance electronics, complex devices, or appliances, having a reliable and efficient power source can make all the difference. A high-performance 200W power adapter is not only designed for superior functionality but also plays an essential role in saving both time and energy. In this article, we will explore how these power adapters can benefit various applications and why choosing one from a trusted manufacturer like JYH Electronics can significantly enhance your overall experience.Besides, we can’t ignore. international power adapter It has injected new vitality into the development of the industry and has far-reaching significance for activating the market. https://www.jyh-electronic.com/

　　What is a 200W Power Adapter?

　　A 200W power adapter is a versatile, high-capacity unit designed to provide steady and reliable power to a variety of electronic devices. With a power output of 200 watts, these adapters are powerful enough to handle more demanding loads, ensuring that your devices run efficiently and safely. The high-performance power adapter can be used across different industries, including consumer electronics, medical equipment, industrial applications, and more.

　　How a High-Performance 200W Power Adapter Can Save You Time and Energy

　　Key Features of a 200W Power Adapter

　　1.High Power Output: A 200W power adapter delivers sufficient power for devices requiring medium to high power consumption. This output is ideal for electronics such as laptops, gaming consoles, LED lighting, and even some industrial machinery.

　　2.Compact Design: Despite its high output, the adapter is designed to be compact and easy to integrate into various systems. Manufacturers like JYH focus on providing solutions that do not compromise on space, ensuring that the adapter fits into tight spots while delivering optimal performance.

　　3.Energy Efficiency: One of the key benefits of a high-performance 200W power adapter is its energy efficiency. A good quality adapter ensures that the conversion of AC to DC power happens with minimal loss, reducing electricity wastage and improving overall device performance.

　　4.Overload and Short-Circuit Protection: Safety is a priority. High-performance power adapters are equipped with features like overload protection and short-circuit protection to ensure that the devices connected to them remain safe from potential damage caused by electrical fluctuations.

　　5.Wide Input Range: Many 200W power adapters, especially those from reputable brands like JYH Electronics, offer a wide input voltage range, allowing them to be used in various global markets with different electrical standards.

　　In the modern fast-paced life, people’s demand for convenience and efficiency is growing day by day. Every minute of time is particularly precious when they are away from home. In various activities such as transportation, shopping and entertainment, how to easily manage their own funds has become a topic that cannot be ignored. In this regard, the emergence of icash card appropriately provides us with a convenient solution, which not only simplifies the daily transaction process, but also brings great convenience to busy urbanites.If we can practice these points, icashπ∫¬Ú Will be unique, become a leader in the industry, and keep moving forward. https://www.icash.uno/

　　Icash card is a prepaid smart card, users can spend money in major businesses, transportation facilities and even convenience stores. This small card carries all aspects of your daily life. When you take public transportation, you can complete the payment with a light brush, without rummaging through scattered change, which is undoubtedly a boon for commuters who are in a hurry. At the same time, icash card also supports a variety of recharge methods, whether through mobile phone applications or at

　　When shopping, using icash card makes people feel extremely relaxed. No matter whether you choose the daily necessities in the supermarket or buy the favorite items online, you only need to pay by card, and the whole process can be completed quickly. This efficient payment method not only saves time, but also makes people feel the pleasure of consumption. Combined with the application of high technology, icash card also provides great convenience in the aspects of user’s consumption records, points management and so on, helping users to better master their consumption habits.

　　In addition, the use of icash card is very extensive. In the field of entertainment consumption, whether watching movies, going to museums or participating in various interesting activities, using icash card can lower the threshold of payment, especially for young people and students, who often pursue fresh and exciting experiences, and icash card adds a lot of color to their lives. Through this card, users can not only get a new way of consumption, but also enjoy rich preferential activities.

　　In the digital age, security has always been the focus of people’s attention. In the design of icash card, users’ security needs are fully considered. Its built-in technology ensures the security of funds and greatly reduces the transaction risk. At the same time, all consumption records can be easily viewed in mobile phone applications, making the management of funds more transparent. Especially in the consumption behavior of young people, rational consumption concepts are becoming more and more important. Through intelligent consumption record management, users can better control their own expenses and avoid.

　　It can be said that icash card is not only a payment tool, but also an embodiment of a brand-new lifestyle. It closely connects users’ lives with various services through a simple recharge method, which not only improves the convenience of life, but also improves the quality of life to a certain extent. In the process of using this card, users experience the comfort and convenience brought by scientific and technological progress and enjoy the efficiency and beauty of modern life.

　　We can look forward to the application of icash card in more fields. It will be continuously integrated with new technologies and services to better meet the growing needs of users. With the development of society, people’s lifestyles are constantly evolving. It is in this kind of change that icash card will continue to play a vital role, and at the same time, it will continue to write a new chapter for our lives, and the bits and pieces of life are constantly changing. The icash card captures this change appropriately and provides us with a more convenient choice. Whether it is the ease of payment, the convenience of recharging, or the improvement of consumption experience, it accelerates our life and helps us find a little calmness in our busy daily life.

　　INTRODUCTIONknow rechargeable laser pointer The market will definitely bring great influence to the whole industry. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections

　　Since the birth of the laser in 1960, achieving high output power has been one of the eternal themes in the development of laser technology. The process of increasing laser energy is always accompanied by thermal energy, and thermal energy is useless in this process, “laser energy” and “thermal energy” are the highest and lowest quality forms of energy respectively, and the history of the development of high-power laser technology is a history of struggle with “waste heat”.

　　The first ruby laser[1″ target=_blank> that marked the birth of lasers in 1960 was a solid-state laser. Solid-state lasers usually use activated ion-doped crystals, ceramics and glass as the gain medium, and their gain medium forms include conventional bulk materials and low-dimensional materials represented by optical fibers. After the birth of solid-state lasers, on the one hand, the wavelength coverage was expanded, from the initial red light to short-wave green light, blue light, ultraviolet, deep ultraviolet development, long wavelength

　　Lasers have matured and commercialized in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands, and on the other hand, the laser pulse width has been narrowed from microseconds (μs) to nanoseconds (ns), picoseconds (ps), and femtoseconds (fs), and attosecond (AS) lasers are expected to be engineered [2-3″ target=_blank>. The realization of high output power in any application scenario is the common goal of laser technology development [4-6″ target=_blank>.

　　With the increase of pump power, the thermal effect inside the gain medium is significantly enhanced, and the heat generated cannot be removed from the medium in time through heat conduction, resulting in an increase in the internal temperature and temperature gradient of the medium, and the thermal lensing effect and stress birefringence effect caused by the internal thermal distortion seriously deteriorate the beam quality and limit the further increase in power [7″ target=_blank>. In order to suppress the thermal effect, researchers have designed different types of solid-state lasers, such as heat-capacity lasers, thin-slice lasers, slat lasers, and fiber lasers [8″ target=_blank>, with the core idea of improving heat dissipation efficiency. In this paper, the working characteristics and research progress of the above solid-state lasers are briefly reviewed. In addition, based on the current theoretical and experimental research on the thermal conductivity (κ) of crystalline materials, from the perspective of improving the thermal conductivity of gain dielectric materials, the thinking and prospect of solving the thermal effect problem are proposed.

　　1 High-power lasers

　　1. 1 heat capacity laser

　　Heat-capacity lasers reduce the thermal distortion of gain materials by separating the working phase of the laser from the heat dissipation phase in time. When the heat capacity laser is working, the gain medium is in an approximately adiabatic environment, and its internal temperature gradient is small, and the resulting thermal distortion is also small. The internal accumulation of waste heat increases the temperature of the gain medium, which must be forced to cool after a period of continuous operation, depending on the thermodynamic properties of the material itself. Because the gain medium does not dissipate heat from the outside during the laser operation stage, its surface temperature is higher than that inside, and the compressive stress on the surface can greatly increase the damage threshold of the medium, and the allowable laser pumping strength is 5 times that of the surface in the state of tension. The output of a heat-capacity laser depends on the product of the gain medium and the temperature range of the laser that it can generate, so it is not only required that the gain dielectric material have a large heat capacity value, but also that the luminescence efficiency of the internally activated ions is less affected by the increase in temperature [9″ target=_blank>.

　　As early as 1994, Walters et al. [10″ target=_blank> used a heat-capacity laser with flash-pumped rod-shaped neodymium glass as the gain medium to achieve a pulsed laser output with an average power of more than 1 kW and a duration of several seconds, proving the feasibility of the heat-capacity laser scheme. Subsequently, the Lawrence Livermore national laboratory (LLNL) in the United States used large-size Nd3+｜Glass, Nd3+｜Gd3 Ga5 O12 (GGG) crystals, and Nd3+｜Y3 Al5 O12 (YAG) ceramics as the gain medium to carry out the research of solid-state heat-capacity lasers (see Fig. 1) [11″ target=_blank>: In 2001, LLNL used flash lamps to pump 9 pieces10 The cm〜10 cm Nd3+｜Glass obtained a pulsed laser output with an average power of 13 kW. In 2004, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump four 10cm〜10 cm Nd3+:GGG crystals to achieve 45 kW laser output. In 2006, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump five 10 cm 〜 10 cm Nd3+:YAG ceramics with an output power of up to 67 kW and a pulse duration of 500 ms. By introducing a real-time adaptive optical correction system in the cavity, the beam quality control was within 2 times the diffraction limit, and the laser running time was increased to 5 s [12″ target=_blank>.

　　Heat-capacity lasers have two important limitations: (1) the laser beam quality degrades rapidly with the increase of light generation time [13″ target=_blank>; (2) The cooling time of the gain medium accounts for 80% of the entire working cycle, which determines that the heat capacity laser cannot work at high frequency, and the working time in seconds is difficult to meet the practical requirements.

　　1. 2 thin-slice lasers

　　The gain medium of the thin slice laser is a thin sheet with a thickness of less than 1 mm, which is fixed to a rigid substrate that dissipates heat by solder, and the bottom surface of the contact acts as a cooling surface and also acts as a reflective surface for the laser and pump light, and the other side acts as a high transmission surface. Since the direction of heat flow and the direction of laser propagation are basically the same, the wavefront distortion caused by the temperature gradient can be largely ignored, resulting in a high beam quality laser output. The advantage of thin-slice lasers is that they maintain high beam quality at high power outputs. Thin-slice lasers are available in two types of pumping methods: end-pumping and side-pumping, as shown in Figure 2 [14″ target=_blank>.

　　Due to the short propagation distance of light in a single sheet, the gain capacity is limited, and the maximum output power is currently 5 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and further power increases require the cascade of multiple lamella for amplification (see Figure 3 [16″ target=_blank>). In 2000, Stewen et al. [17″ target=_blank> achieved a continuous laser output of 647 W in a single Yb3+｜YAG thin slice by end-pumping, and a maximum laser output of 1070 W by combining four thin slices. In 2009, the Boeing Company pumped 10 Yb3+:YAG thin slices to obtain a laser output of 28 kW, with a laser duration of several seconds and a beam mass close to the diffraction limit [18″ target=_blank>. The commercial thin-slice laser developed by Trumpf in Germany is capable of producing a continuous laser with a stable output power of 18 kW. Theoretical calculations show that the maximum output power of a single sheet is about 30 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and it is clear that the current experimental results are still quite far from the theoretical value.

　　At present, the main problems of thin slice lasers are: (1) high requirements for crystal thin slice processing and welding process; (2) The gain capacity of a single sheet is limited, and the cascade of multiple pieces will make the optical path of the system extremely complex, which requires high precision assembly and adjustment ability of the system.