Yearly Archives: 2025

　　Flexible circuits, also known globally as flex circuits, flexible printed circuit boards, flex print, or flexi-circuits, are part of the electronic and interconnection family. They consist of a thin insulating polymer film with conductive circuit patterns affixed to it, usually coated with a thin polymer for protection.period PCB meaning Many adjustments have also been made, and the direction of product research and development has been reversed, in order to better meet the market demand. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　The technology has been used for interconnecting electronic devices since the 1950s and is now a crucial interconnection technology in many advanced electronic products today.

　　

　　pick-and-place-2.jpg

　　

　　Size and Weight Reduction Benefits of Flexible Circuitry

　　

　　Wiring solutions that fit where rigid boards cannot.

　　

　　Thin, lightweight products that are durable.

　　

　　Miniaturized versions of existing technologies.

　　

　　Three-dimensional packaging geometry.

　　

　　A low number of device interconnects.

　　

　　Shock and vibration resistance.

　　

　　These benefits highlight flexible circuitry as an ideal solution for mobile consumer electronics. Inside modern devices like smartphones and laptops, flexible circuitry plays a critical role.

　　

　　In mobile devices, using rigid circuitry would result in devices that are too large, heavy, and fragile to carry conveniently, exemplified by the Osborne I, the first fully powered mobile computer, weighing an intimidating 24.5 pounds. Size and weight reduction is only part of the flexible circuit story; they are also ideal for high-temperature and high-density applications.

　　

　　High Temperature and High-Density Applications

　　

　　Flex circuits, often made of polyimide or similar polymers, dissipate heat better than most rigid circuit board materials. This feature allows flexible circuits to be placed in locations where heat would impact the performance of rigid circuit boards.

　　

　　Flexible circuit boards can withstand extreme temperatures ranging from -200＜C to 400＜C, making them desirable for borehole measurements in the oil and gas industry and preferred in industrial sensor technologies for their small size and durability.

　　

　　High temperature resistance, combined with chemical resistance, excellent resistance to radiation and UV exposure, and the ability to control impedances in high-density designs, makes flexible circuits highly beneficial for manufacturers.

　　

　　Why Not Make All Circuit Boards Flexible?

　　

　　Flexible circuit boards are certainly useful, but they are not going to replace rigid circuit boards for all applications. Cost efficiency is the main obstacle to implementing an exclusively flexible circuit board design in a consumer product. Rigid circuit boards are less expensive to manufacture and install in a typical automated high-volume fabricating facility.

　　

　　Typically, the ideal solution for an innovative product is one that incorporates flexible circuitry when necessary, and employs solid, reliable rigid circuit boards where possible to keep manufacturing and assembly costs down.

　　The image above is from the crowdfunding project ＾Neosegment Digit￣ by Maks Surguy on Crowd Supply. The project has gained significant attention, raising a total of $6,500. We are proud to support Maks in assembling this project.Now, everyone is right PCB manufacturing in China Are more concerned, hoping to get more benefits from it. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　Wellcircuits has also assisted creators with the assembly of the following projects on Crowd Supply:

　　

　　ALio Proto Board: The All-in-One Prototyping Board

　　

　　Neosegment Digit

　　

　　Paperino

　　

　　Crowd Supply is a popular crowdfunding platform based in Portland, Oregon, known for supporting creators in bringing innovative and useful hardware to life. Their mission is to provide the necessary funding and resources to help creators deliver high-quality products to their backers.

　　

　　We first met at the 2017 Open Source Hardware Summit, where we discussed the potential for future collaboration. Both of our goals are aligned in helping enthusiasts bring their projects to life. Today, we are excited to announce our partnership:

　　

　　Any successful crowdfunding project on Crowd Supply is eligible for a 10% discount (up to $300) on PCB assembly services at Wellcircuits. You can also apply for a coupon code for your backers. Simply send your project link to anson@wellcircuits.com to receive your discount.

　　

　　As a professional PCB production and assembly company, Wellcircuits has earned a strong reputation among engineers worldwide. This partnership will leverage our strengths to ensure smooth execution for crowdfunding projects. All of our components are original, and we guarantee on-time delivery, ensuring your supporters receive their products as quickly as possible. Additionally, you can count on excellent after-sales service at Wellcircuits.

　　

　　Let¨s create something amazing together!

　　Schematic Diagram (Preferred format: DSN or SCH)According to professional reports, PCB meaning There will be a great period of growth, and the market business is constantly expanding, and it will definitely become bigger and bigger in the future. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　

　　Schematic Diagram

　　

　　Structure Diagram (Preferred format: DXF or DWG)

　　

　　Structure Diagram

　　

　　Component Datasheet (Include component dimension drawing; this is essential for packaging)

　　

　　Component Datasheet

　　

　　Special Requirements (Any specific details or concerns to be aware of)

　　01We have every reason to believe. solar air It will become the mainstream of the industry and will gradually affect more and more people. https://puremind.com/product-category/puremind-air-conditioner/solar-air-conditioner/

　　

　　If you leave home for a day …

　　

　　Kureczka said: “If you just leave home for one day, it is more energy-saving to turn on the air conditioner, but you should raise the temperature by several degrees instead of keeping the comfortable temperature set at home.”

　　

　　If the house is unoccupied for only a day or two, the same direction applies.

　　

　　It’s not necessarily a bad thing to turn off the air conditioner during the day. Either way, the speed of the air conditioner is the same-it just takes longer to cool the hot space. In fact, if you drive at normal temperature all day, you may consume more energy than if you turn it off and have a meeting at night.

　　

　　Air conditioning is not only to cool the space, but also to greatly reduce the humidity level. When the air conditioner is turned off for more than a few hours, the humidity level begins to rise, which may easily lead to mold growth, damage to electronic products, and warping and deformation of wood products. In addition, pets left at home may also be at risk of overheating and discomfort, which may occur especially in hot and humid climate.

　　

　　This is why it is suggested to turn on the air conditioner, but turn up the temperature. The U.S. Department of Energy pointed out that higher indoor temperature will actually slow down the flow of heat into the house, thus saving energy and money.

　　

　　When you get home, don’t turn the air conditioner down too low to “speed up” the cooling process, so that the room won’t get cold faster, and it will only increase energy consumption (cost money).

　　

　　02

　　

　　If you leave home for more than two days …

　　

　　If the whole family (including pets) has been away from home for more than two days, the equipment can be turned off. Kureczka said, “Turn off the air conditioner, and you can save a lot of energy and bills.”

　　

　　This means that when you come back, the temperature inside the room may not be very good and you will feel stuffy. Kureczka suggested, “Installing an intelligent thermostat is a good way to monitor and control the energy efficiency of your home, even if you are not at home-you can turn up the temperature before you leave and then turn it down on your way home.”

　　

　　She also suggested that if you go out for more than a few hours, please close the curtains, which can effectively block the sun, so that the air conditioning unit does not have to work so hard. Especially in areas with extreme temperatures, this will make a huge difference.

　　

　　03

　　

　　At home …

　　

　　The US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency suggest that the thermostat should be set to 26≧ or higher during the day, 28≧ when sleeping and 29≧ when going out.

　　

　　Think this setting temperature is too high? When the temperature is reduced to 26≧, compared with 22≧, it can save 25% of the electricity bill.

　　

　　Kureczka said: “It varies from person to person to adjust the temperature as high as possible while maintaining comfort. Generally speaking, increasing the temperature by 1 C will help reduce the cooling cost by 5%. “

　　

　　If it is acceptable to adjust the temperature higher than you are used to, then other measures may also make you feel comfortable, such as using ceiling fans. But the ceiling fan will not change the temperature, so remember to turn off the electric fan when you leave the room. Otherwise, you have to pay unnecessary electricity bills.

　　

　　Finally, try to ensure that the house is insulated, so that cold air will not escape and hot air will not sneak in.

　　Central air conditioning is an indispensable energy consumption operation system in modern buildings. Central air conditioning system not only provides people with comfortable living and working environment, but also consumes a lot of energy. According to statistics, the energy consumption of buildings in China accounts for about 30% of the total energy consumption. In buildings with central air conditioning, the energy consumption of central air conditioning accounts for about 70% of the total energy consumption, and it is increasing year by year. Therefore, how to efficiently use the energy and energy saving of central air conditioning system has become an urgent problem to be solved.precisely because Puremind Marine Air Conditioners The rapid development of, so also brought new opportunities to the industry. https://puremind.com/puremind-hot-sale/

　　

　　The normal operation of the central air conditioning system, its energy consumption mainly has two aspects [1″ target=_blank>: on the one hand, it is the energy consumption of cold and heat sources to supply air handling equipment with cold and heat; On the other hand, in order to transport air and water, fans and pumps need energy to overcome the flow resistance. The energy consumption of central air conditioning system is affected by many factors, and many operation links have energy-saving measures. Therefore, energy-saving of central air conditioning is a comprehensive project. The following introduces several commonly used energy-saving measures in terms of energy consumption of cold and heat sources and power consumption.

　　

　　1. Energy-saving measures for cold and heat sources

　　

　　1.1 Temperature and humidity control

　　

　　From the air treatment process of central air conditioning system, it can be seen that the lower the indoor temperature and relative humidity in summer, the greater the energy consumption of system equipment; The higher the indoor temperature and relative humidity in winter, the greater the energy consumption of the system equipment, and the corresponding initial investment and operating costs also increase.

　　

　　Because everyone’s requirements for comfort are very different, there can be a wider comfort zone for civil central air conditioning. In this comfort zone, when cooling in summer, take a higher temperature and humidity value; When heating in winter, a certain energy-saving effect can be obtained by taking a lower temperature and humidity value. The change of temperature and humidity in the building is closely related to building energy saving. According to empirical statistics, if the set temperature is lowered by 1≧ in summer, the energy consumption will increase by 9%. If the set temperature is raised by 1≧ in winter, the energy consumption will increase by 12%. Therefore, it is an effective measure to control the temperature and humidity in the building within the precision range of the set value.

　　

　　In order to reduce energy consumption, the indoor temperature and humidity base of air-conditioned rooms should be raised as much as possible in summer and lowered as much as possible in winter under the condition of meeting production needs and human health. At present, some owners blindly pursue the realm of “cold enough” and greatly improve the design standard of indoor temperature and humidity, which not only wastes a lot of energy unnecessarily, but also produces the negative effect of comfort.

　　

　　The higher the temperature and humidity control precision of air conditioning system, the better the comfort and the more obvious the energy-saving effect. The accuracy of the signal measured by the front end of the air conditioning system directly affects the precise control degree of the central air conditioning system. Therefore, the measured signals, especially analog signals such as temperature and humidity, must be as accurate as possible.

　　

　　Also, BAS with high control accuracy must be selected to control the central air conditioner. Because BAS uses DDC (Direct Digital Controller) to directly control the opening of electric water valve without intermediate regulator; In addition, DDC contains a wealth of calculation and control software, such as PID algorithm, fuzzy control algorithm, genetic algorithm and so on, to ensure the control accuracy.

　　

　　1.2 cold source efficiency control

　　

　　The performance index to evaluate the refrigeration efficiency of cold source is COP (Coefficient Of Performance). Refrigeration coefficient refers to the amount of cold energy that can be obtained per unit power consumption. The refrigeration coefficient has nothing to do with the nature of refrigerant, but only depends on the temperature T0 of the cooled object and the coolant temperature Tk. The higher T0, the lower Tk and the higher the refrigeration coefficient. So don’t make the chilled water temperature too low and the cooling water temperature too high during the actual operation of the air conditioning system, otherwise the refrigeration coefficient will be low, which will consume a lot of work and high power consumption to produce unit cooling capacity, and increase the energy consumption of the building. The following measures can be taken to improve the efficiency of cold source:

　　

　　1) reduce the cooling water temperature

　　

　　The lower the cooling water temperature, the higher the refrigeration coefficient of the cooler. For every 1≧ increase in the supply temperature of cooling water, the COP of the chiller decreases by nearly 4%. To reduce the temperature of cooling water, it is necessary to strengthen the operation management of cooling tower. First of all, for the cooling tower that stops running, the valves in and out of the water pipes should be closed. Otherwise, because the water temperature from the stopped cooling tower is high, the temperature of the mixed cooling water will increase and the refrigeration coefficient of the cooler will decrease. Secondly, after the cooling tower is used for a period of time, it should be overhauled in time, otherwise the efficiency of the cooling tower will decrease and the cooling water cannot be fully cooled.

　　

　　2) increase the temperature of chilled water.

　　

　　The higher the temperature of chilled water, the higher the refrigeration efficiency of the chiller. When the temperature of chilled water supply is increased by 1≧, the refrigeration coefficient of the chiller can be increased by 3%, so don’t blindly reduce the temperature of chilled water in daily operation. First of all, don’t set the set temperature of chilled water of the cold machine too low. Secondly, the water valve of the stopped chiller must be closed to prevent some chilled water from taking the bypass pipeline, otherwise, the amount of water passing through the running chiller will be reduced, resulting in the temperature of chilled water being lowered to a too low level by the chiller.

　　

　　2. Energy-saving measures for power consumption

　　

　　2.1 Transportation energy consumption control

　　

　　Power consumption mainly refers to the electric energy consumed by fans and pumps in system operation. Calculation formula of input power from fan and water pump:

　　

　　(1) (W): input power; : volume flow; : indenter; Eta: efficiency

　　

　　From Formula (1), it can be seen that reducing power consumption can be considered from the following three aspects: reducing flow, reducing system resistance and improving the efficiency of fans and pumps. The following measures can be adopted in engineering practice:

　　

　　1) adopt large temperature difference.

　　

　　If the temperature difference between the supply and return water (or the return air) used to transport cold and hot water (or air) in the system is large, then when the ratio between it and the original temperature difference is m, it is known from the flow calculation formula that the flow rate is reduced to 1/m3 when the large temperature difference is used. At this time, the power required by the water pump or fan will be reduced to 1/m3. It can be seen that the energy-saving effect of increasing the temperature difference is obvious.

　　

　　On the premise of meeting the requirements of central air conditioning accuracy, personnel comfort and technology, the temperature difference of air supply should be increased as much as possible. It should be noted that the temperature difference between supply and return water should not be greater than 8≧.

　　

　　2) choose low flow rate.

　　

　　Because the power consumption required by pumps and fans is roughly proportional to the flow velocity in the pipeline system, in order to achieve energy-saving operation effect, high flow velocity should not be adopted in design and operation. In addition, the low flow rate in the main pipe is also beneficial to the stability of the hydraulic condition of the system. For example, changing the rotational speed of the fan can change the performance parameters of the fan. The power of the fan has a cubic relationship with the rotational speed, while the flow rate has a linear relationship with the rotational speed. Lowering the rotational speed can greatly reduce the energy consumption while reducing the flow rate. When the flow rate is reduced by 1/3, the energy consumption can be reduced by about 70.4%, and when the flow rate is reduced by 1/2, the energy consumption can be reduced by about 87.5%, and the efficiency of the fan is basically unchanged, and it can still work stably and efficiently.

　　

　　3) adopt energy-carrying medium with high conveying efficiency.

　　

　　Under normal circumstances, the energy consumption of transporting cold and heat energy with water is less than that with air, and the diameter of water pipes used to transport the same cold and heat energy is much smaller than that of air pipes, which occupies a much smaller building space. This is also one of the main reasons for the rapid development of central air conditioning in recent years.

　　

　　Therefore, for the centralized refrigeration mode, in principle, the chilled water prepared by the equipment in the computer room should be transported as far as possible to the vicinity or use point of each central air-conditioning partition, and the air should be treated by the terminal non-independent central air-conditioning units (such as cabinet air-conditioning units and fan coils) for local use or for use in nearby rooms.

　　

　　2.2 VAV system control

　　

　　VAV system is an energy-saving countermeasure against the shortcomings of power consumption in air supply system. VAV system can be divided into two types: one is AHU！VAV system of air conditioner; One is the indoor fan variable air volume system (FCU-VAV system) in FCU system. AHU-VAV system is to fix the air supply temperature in the whole air duct system and adjust the air supply volume of the blower to cope with the change of indoor air conditioning load. In FCU-VAV system, the cold water supply is fixed, and the indoor FCU is equipped with a stepless power controller to change the air supply, that is, to change the heat exchange rate of FCU to adjust the indoor load change. These two methods can reduce the power consumption of the blower by adjusting the air volume, and at the same time, they can also increase the operating efficiency of the heat source machine and save the power consumption of the heat source, so they can achieve energy-saving effects in both air supply and heat source.

　　

　　The cooling capacity sent into the room can be determined by the following formula:

　　

　　2

　　

　　Where: c is the specific heat capacity of air, kj/(kg≧); ρ is the air density, Kg/m3; L is the air supply volume, m3/S; Tn is the indoor temperature,≧; Ts is the supply air temperature,≧; Q is the heat absorbed (or put) into the room, KW.

　　

　　If the air supply temperature is set as a constant and the air supply volume L is changed, different Q values can be obtained to keep the room temperature unchanged. Variable air volume control can adopt an air supply device that automatically adjusts the air supply volume according to the change of indoor load. When the indoor load decreases, it can keep the air supply parameters unchanged (no need to reheat) and keep the indoor temperature stable by automatically reducing the air volume. In this way, it can not only save the reheat required by the constant air volume system to increase the air supply temperature, but also reduce the power consumption of the fan and the cooling capacity of the refrigerator due to the reduction of the treated air volume. According to various data, VAV can save energy by 30% ~ 50% compared with constant air volume.

　　

　　2.3 Frequency conversion control

　　

　　In most buildings, the central air conditioning is at the maximum load only for a few days in a year. The cooling load of central air conditioning is always changing dynamically, such as the changes of various factors such as morning and evening, climate, passenger flow and activity content, which affect the cooling load of central air conditioning in real time. Generally, the cooling load fluctuates in the range of 5 ~ 60%, and most buildings are at least 70% in this situation every year. However, most central air conditioners are driven by maximum cooling load and maximum power due to system design. In this way, the contradiction between the actual cooling load and the maximum power output is caused, resulting in a huge waste of energy. This contradiction can be solved by adopting frequency conversion control.

　　

　　1) Fan and water pump frequency conversion control

　　

　　In the past, the AC motor itself didn’t adjust the speed, so the central air conditioning system had to rely on baffles and valves to adjust the air and water flow, and a lot of electric energy was wasted on baffles and valves. If the fan water pump is regulated by frequency conversion, the energy wasted on baffles and valves will be saved, and the average energy saving effect of each pump will be considerable.

　　

　　For the fan water pump, according to the principle of fluid mechanics, the parameters under similar working conditions have the following relationship [2″ target=_blank>:

　　

　　3

　　

　　Where Q1, H1, n1 and N1 are the flow, lift, power and rotation speed before the rotation speed change, respectively;

　　

　　Q2, H2, n2, N2: the flow, lift, power, and rotation speed after the rotation speed is changed respectively.

　　

　　According to Formula (3), the flow rate is proportional to the rotational speed, the pressure is proportional to the square of the rotational speed, and the power consumed is proportional to the cubic power of the rotational speed. For variable frequency speed regulation, the speed n is basically proportional to the power frequency f, when the power frequency f decreases, the motor speed also decreases, and the required power decreases rapidly with the cubic power of the speed, which shows that the energy-saving effect is very remarkable. Take the fan as an example, if the required air volume is 80% of the rated air volume, the speed will also drop to 80% of the rated speed, and the shaft power will drop by 51.2%; When the required air volume is 50% of the rated air volume, the shaft power drops by 12.5%. This power saving effect is also very impressive. It has been proved that the frequency conversion control of fans and pumps can save energy by 40% ~ 50%.

　　

　　2) Frequency conversion control of water chillers

　　

　　Because the compressor does not rule out the possibility of long-term operation under full load, the capacity of the motor can only be determined according to the maximum demand, so the design margin is generally large. In actual operation, the proportion of light load operation time is very high. Frequency conversion control is adopted to adjust the speed of compressor, so as to control the refrigeration capacity and keep the refrigeration unit in the best (most reasonable) operation state. Frequency conversion control improves the efficiency of air conditioner and the operation effect of refrigeration unit, thus realizing energy saving.

　　

　　The principle of variable frequency compressor is to adjust the displacement of compressor per unit time by adjusting the speed of compressor, so as to achieve the purpose of adjusting the refrigeration capacity. The mathematical relationship between refrigeration capacity and compressor frequency is as follows:

　　

　　4

　　

　　Where n is the rotational speed, f is the frequency of the motor, p is the polar logarithm of the motor, s is the slip of the motor, λ is the leakage coefficient, Ps is the suction pressure, vh is the suction volume, ni is the polytropic index, εi is the pressure ratio (exhaust/suction), δ0 is the relative pressure loss coefficient, and Zs and Zd are the actual gas compressibility coefficients, which are the average energy efficiency ratio.

　　

　　According to Formula (4), the refrigeration capacity is directly proportional to the frequency, so the refrigeration capacity can be controlled by frequency conversion regulation, thus achieving the energy-saving effect.

　　

　　Some adjustment methods (such as adjusting the valve opening and changing the blade angle) can not reduce the operating efficiency of the motor even if the demand is small. After adopting frequency conversion speed regulation, when the demand is small, the speed of motor can be reduced and the running power of motor can be reduced, thus further realizing energy saving. It has been proved that the frequency conversion control of water chillers can save energy by 20% ~ 30%.

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According to a report by the Russian newspaper on May 23, the Russian armed forces regained control of the village of Klesheevka in the Donetsk region through hard work. This settlement and the village of Rabodino, also recaptured by Russian troops, are symbols of the results of last year’s Ukraine counterattack.

On May 22, the Russian Ministry of Defense confirmed the news of the recapture of the village of Kresheevka. The Russian Ministry of Defense stated that under the active action of the southern military cluster forces, the Klesheevka settlement in Donetsk was liberated.

According to reports, in addition, the southern military cluster also attacked Ukrainian troops in three residential areas of Georgievka, Ostroye, and Konstantinovka.

The protracted battle for Klesheevka begins in 2023. Control of the village changed hands several times. The main target for contention is adjacent highlands, from which military activity throughout the village can be monitored. (Compiled by He Yingjun)

　　There are many kinds of refrigeration methods, such as gas expansion refrigeration, liquid gasification refrigeration, vortex tube refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration. Among them, liquid gasification refrigeration is the most widely used, and its working principle is to realize refrigeration by using the heat absorption of liquid gasification.according to Puremind Split Air Conditioners Industry veterans said that its development will still be in a good situation. https://puremind.com/

　　

　　1, the working principle of air conditioning (mainly refrigeration, heating on the contrary):

　　

　　The high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant discharged from the compressor flows through the outdoor heat exchanger through the four-way valve, and dissipates heat to the outdoor air through heating transfer, and the refrigerant changes from gaseous state to liquid state-throttles and depressurizes through capillary (or solenoid valve)-one-way valve-filter-two-way valve (outdoor high-pressure pipe)-enters the indoor heat exchanger to absorb heat (realize refrigeration)-outdoor three-way valve (outdoor low-pressure pipe). Complete a single-loop refrigeration cycle.

　　

　　2. Types of components in refrigeration system:

　　

　　The air conditioning refrigeration system is mainly composed of four parts and some auxiliary equipment in the refrigeration system.

　　

　　The four major pieces are:

　　

　　compressor

　　

　　condenser

　　

　　Throttle mechanism

　　

　　Evaporator composition.

　　

　　Auxiliary equipment:

　　

　　Oil separator;

　　

　　Drying filter;

　　

　　Liquid storage tank;

　　

　　Electromagnetic four-way reversing valve;

　　

　　Solenoid valve; Check valve

　　

　　3, the working principle of each component

　　

　　Compressor: As the “heart” of refrigeration system, it has an important influence on the performance, noise, energy consumption, vibration and service life of air conditioning. According to the principle of thermodynamics, it can be divided into volumetric type and velocity type.

　　

　　Volumetric type: a certain volume of gas is sucked into the cylinder and the internal volume of the cylinder is changed to realize gas compression and forced discharge.

　　

　　Speed type: make the inhaled gas get a certain speed, and then slow down, so that kinetic energy can be converted into pressure energy and then discharged. The growth of gas is converted from speed.

　　

　　one

　　

　　Scroll compressor: It is formed by meshing two vortexes of stator and rotor.

　　

　　Rotor compressor: it consists of spindle with eccentric wheel, cylinder, sleeve, air inlet, slide plate, spring, exhaust valve and exhaust port.

　　

　　Condenser: The condenser transfers the refrigerating capacity of the evaporator in the refrigeration system to the environmental medium (cooling water or air) together with the power consumption of the compressor. According to cooling, it can be divided into air-cooled type, water-cooled type and evaporative type. When cooling, it mainly radiates heat to the outside, and when heating, it absorbs heat to the outside.

　　

　　Evaporator: The main function of the evaporator is to boil and evaporate the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant liquid that has entered the throttle in the evaporator, absorb the heat of the cooled medium, and then become low-pressure saturated (usually overheated) vapor itself, which is continuously sucked away by the compressor. In other words, the evaporator is a heat exchange device that absorbs heat (that is, outputs cold energy).

　　

　　Throttle element: Throttle element is one of the four main elements in the refrigeration system. Its main function is to throttle and reduce the pressure of high-pressure liquid refrigerant, ensure the pressure difference between condenser and evaporator, and make the refrigerant entering the evaporator absorb heat and evaporate at the required low pressure, thus achieving the purpose of refrigeration and cooling. Adjust the refrigerant flow into the evaporator to adapt to the load change of the evaporator and make the system run normally.

　　

　　Capillary: It is a very thin tube, usually with an inner diameter of 0.5 ~ 2.5 mm and a length of 1 ~ 5 m.. When the refrigerant flows in the tube, it is necessary to overcome the resistance in the tube, which naturally produces a certain pressure drop.

　　

　　Capillary characteristics: Because it is in the normally open state, when the compressor stops, the high and low pressure can be quickly balanced, which is conducive to the compressor starting again. Simple structure, convenient manufacture and low price. For the heat pump system, there is no import and export problem in the throttling process of refrigerant in capillary [this article source: refrigeration encyclopedia WeChat official account” target=_blank>. Using capillary refrigeration system, the performance of the unit is very sensitive to the refrigerant charge. When the operating conditions of the refrigeration system change, the capillary tube has poor ability to adjust the refrigerant flow. Due to the small inner diameter of capillary and long pipeline, it is easy to be blocked, so attention should be paid to the drying and cleaning of the system. Generally, a dry filter is set in front of the capillary to prevent clogging.

　　

　　Thermal expansion valve: the regulating valve that controls the liquid supply of evaporator, and it is also the throttle valve of refrigeration device. Thermal expansion valve uses the change of superheat of refrigerant at evaporator outlet to adjust the flow. According to different structures, it can be divided into internal balance type and external balance type.

　　

　　Disadvantages of thermal expansion valve: low control precision and limited adjustment range. The diaphragm deformation of valve body is limited, which makes the change range of valve needle opening smaller, so the adjustment range of flow is small. When large flow regulation is required, it cannot be met. The high-temperature gas at the place where the signal feedback has a lag evaporator must first heat the shell of the temperature sensor, which has a large thermal inertia, leading to the lag of the reaction.

　　

　　2

　　

　　Electronic expansion valve: the application of electronic expansion valve overcomes the shortcomings of thermal expansion valve and provides conditions for the intelligence of refrigeration device. The electric signal generated by adjusting parameters is mainly used to control the voltage or current applied to the expansion valve, so as to achieve the purpose of adjustment, so that the control system of the electronic expansion valve is complicated and the price is high.

　　

　　Electronic expansion valve classification:

　　

　　Electromagnetic electronic expansion valve;

　　

　　Electric electronic expansion valve.

　　

　　4. Auxiliary equipment of refrigeration system

　　

　　Oil separator: The high-pressure gas (gaseous working medium and lubricating oil) from the compressor enters the oil separator to separate the lubricating oil from the working medium gas and flows down along the inner wall of the cylinder. The working gas is led out of the oil separator from the central pipe through the porous baffle. The separated lubricating oil is concentrated in the lower part of the oil separator and can be discharged regularly, or the lubricating oil can be automatically returned to the crankcase of the compressor by using the ball valve.

　　

　　Drying filter: The function of drying filter is to absorb moisture in refrigeration system, prevent impurities in the system from passing through, and prevent the pipeline of refrigeration system from being blocked by ice and dirt. Because the most easily blocked part of the system is the capillary (or expansion valve), the drying filter is usually installed between the condenser and the capillary (or expansion valve).

　　

　　Liquid storage tank: During the operation of the refrigeration system, the circulating amount of refrigerant in the system will change due to the change of working conditions or the adjustment of refrigeration capacity. Setting the liquid storage tank can balance and stabilize the refrigerant circulation in the system by using the liquid storage capacity of the liquid storage tank, so that the refrigeration system can be in normal operation. In addition, when a component in the refrigeration system fails and needs to be dismantled and repaired, the system refrigerant can be recovered to the liquid storage tank through certain operation methods.

　　

　　The liquid storage tank is generally arranged between the condenser and the throttling element, so that the refrigerant liquid in the condenser can smoothly enter the liquid storage tank. The position of the liquid storage tank should be lower than that of the condenser.

　　

　　Electromagnetic four-way reversing valve: after the electromagnetic coil is energized, it changes the action direction of the valve block in the valve body and changes the flow direction of the refrigerant. So as to achieve the purpose of cooling or heating.

　　

　　three

　　

　　Solenoid valve: Solenoid valve is usually installed in front of the expansion valve to directly control the amount of refrigerant entering the evaporator. It can also be installed before the compressor unloading cylinder to control the unloading of the compressor cylinder.

　　

　　There are two kinds:

　　

　　Direct opening and closing solenoid valve;

　　

　　Indirect solenoid valve.

　　

　　One-way valve: The one-way valve is usually connected in parallel with the auxiliary capillary, and the two are connected in series with the main capillary. One-way valve is a tubular element with a movable spherical or hemispherical plug made of stainless steel or nylon. Combined with capillary tube, it can adapt to two different operating conditions of refrigeration and heating.

　　

　　5. Types and States of Refrigerant

　　

　　Air conditioning refrigerants mainly include R22, R410A and R32.

　　

　　R22 is a medium-temperature refrigerant, with the standard of -40.8 degrees, the solubility of water in R22 is very small, and it is mutually soluble with mineral oil, and R22 does not burn or explode, with little toxicity and strong permeability.

　　

　　R410A is a HFC refrigerant which is composed of R32 and R125 by 50% and 50% by mass. [This article comes from WeChat official account, a refrigeration encyclopedia” target=_blank>, which belongs to a near azeotrope, and its thermodynamic properties are very close to that of a single refrigerant. Compared with R22, R410A’s condensation pressure is increased by 1.6 times, and it is a high-pressure refrigerant, so it is necessary to improve the compression strength of the system.

　　

　　R32 is the abbreviation of difluoromethane, which is a kind of coolant with zero ozone loss potential. It is a gas at room temperature and a colorless and transparent liquid under its own pressure. It is soluble in oil and insoluble in water, and it is an energy-saving and carbon-reducing environment-friendly non-toxic refrigerant, but it is flammable and explosive!

　　

　　6. Refrigerant status

　　

　　Saturated refrigerant: Vapor-liquid conversion in saturated refrigerant is in transport equilibrium, and liquid and gas at this time are in saturation.

　　

　　There is a one-to-one correspondence between saturation temperature and saturation pressure, and the saturation pressure increases with the increase of saturation temperature, and one of them will change and the other will change accordingly. In the system, the refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat and the refrigerant in the condenser releases heat, where the refrigerant is saturated.

　　

　　Superheat: Under a certain pressure, the temperature of superheated steam exceeds the saturation temperature.

　　

　　Overheating: the temperature of refrigerant vapor in superheated refrigerant is higher than the saturation temperature under the corresponding saturation pressure, and the liquid refrigerant will overheat after evaporation. In the case of overheating, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the temperature and pressure of refrigerant gas.

　　

　　Near the outlet of the evaporator, the refrigerant continues to absorb heat after complete evaporation and becomes superheated refrigerant with a temperature higher than the saturation temperature. The refrigerant enters the compressor through the suction pipe in case of overheating.

　　

　　Supercooling: The liquid temperature of the supercooled refrigerant is lower than the saturation temperature at the corresponding saturation pressure, and supercooling will only occur when there is no steam in the fluid refrigerant. In the case of supercooling, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the temperature and pressure of refrigerant liquid.

　　

　　Between the outlet of the condenser and the throttle valve, the refrigerant may continue to cool exothermically and become supercooled after condensing into saturated liquid.

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China-Singapore, Beijing, July 16 (Reporter Sun Zifa) Springer Nature’s professional academic journal “Nature Astronomy” recently published a planetary science paper saying that researchers have discovered a potentially accessible underground tunnel originating from an open pit on the moon. Evidence of tunnel. The results of this study have enhanced people’s understanding of lunar geology and may become an ideal location for a lunar base, thus potentially serving as a refuge in future manned missions on the lunar surface.

The paper said that more than 200 craters known as skylights have been discovered on the lunar surface, some of which were formed after the collapse of underground lava tubes. Accessible lava tubes or channels may provide a warmer environment than the lunar surface, but it has previously been uncertain whether they can lead to large underground caves.

In this study, co-authors of the paper, LC and LB of the University of Trento in Italy, and collaborators, analyzed radar data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and found that radar brightness on the west side of the crater increased. Jinghai Crater is the deepest known crater on the moon, with a radius of approximately 100 meters, with vertical or overhanging walls and a sloping bottom.

The authors of the paper used radar images to conduct simulations and found that these observations could be explained by the presence of a cave void or pipe spreading from the west side of the bottom of the pit. They estimate that the pipeline is located at a depth of 130-170 meters, 30-80 meters long and about 45 meters wide. The cave may be flat or inclined at an angle of up to 45 degrees and may be accessible.

The authors concluded that the pipes or channels discovered in this study may be a common feature under the lunar plains, and that the Jinghai Pit and its channels may be an ideal site for a potential lunar base. The method used in the study may also be suitable for evaluating and characterizing other lunar craters to discover more channels.

　　Whether in cold winter or hot summer, air conditioning is an essential household appliance in our home, especially now that people’s living standards have improved, air conditioning has entered thousands of households. Many owners think that choosing air conditioning is the most important thing. I don’t know if it is familiar, but the placement of air conditioning is even more difficult. If it is not in the right position, it will bring trouble to our lives. Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning placement. Come and have a look with Xiaobian.If we can practice these points, commercial heating and cooling Will be unique, become a leader in the industry, and keep moving forward. https://puremind.com/product-category/puremind-air-conditioner/commercial-air-conditioner/

　　

　　Where is the most correct place for air conditioning? Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning ~!

　　

　　Where are the air conditioners placed?

　　

　　(1) How to place the air conditioner in the living room?

　　

　　1. Air-conditioning is a kind of fast-running electrical appliance, so it will transfer the air flow from the outside to the home, such as the main disease in the southwest. Therefore, if the air-conditioning at home is placed in this position, it will definitely make the family suffer from illness and illness this year. Correction method: use a small fan to change the wind direction opposite the air conditioner. In addition, if you want to strengthen the above fortune, you can also move the air conditioner to this position, which has a strong effect on luck and transshipment.

　　

　　2. The most taboo of the air conditioner outlet is to blow to the financial position, and take away the wealth at home together with the cold wind, and the door at home is the main wealth. Therefore, if the air conditioner directly faces the door, it will not only drain the wealth, but also symbolize the popularity. It means that the home is not warm. Correction method: hang a glass screen or cloth curtain at the entrance to solve it.

　　

　　3. The air outlet of the air conditioner directly blows the main chair in the living room (that is, the sofa where three people sit), so that the face sitting here is blown very uncomfortable, which means that the backer is unstable and affects the work and career fortune. Correction: Let the air outlet of the air conditioner come from the side, or move the position of the main sofa.

　　

　　Where is the most correct place for air conditioning? Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning ~!

　　

　　(2) How to place the air conditioner in the bedroom?

　　

　　1. Air-conditioning often emits a certain amount of heat during refrigeration, so it must be installed far away from other electrical appliances and avoid being installed in corners, which can make the air-conditioning dissipate heat as soon as possible, ensure that it is not damaged, and prolong its service life.

　　

　　2. The air conditioner is installed at a certain distance from the bed. If it is facing the bed or too close to the bed, it will easily lead to the user catching a cold or catching a cold, which will adversely affect people’s health. Therefore, everyone needs to pay special attention to this when installing the air conditioner.

　　

　　Where is the most correct place for air conditioning? Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning ~!

　　

　　3. Air conditioning is installed in the bedroom in the northeast direction, because the radiation in this direction will be relatively small, so that the harm to the human body can be reduced to. In real life, many owners will ignore this problem, which is actually a very serious misunderstanding.

　　

　　4. The height of the air conditioner installed in the bedroom is very elegant. It is not appropriate to be too high or too low. It is recommended that it be higher than one meter and lower than two meters. This height is the most suitable, and its use effect will be in a new state, and it is more convenient for daily use.

　　

　　Where is the most correct place for air conditioning? Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning ~!

　　

　　What are the precautions for air conditioning placement?

　　

　　1, kitchen air conditioning moving stove fire

　　

　　It is the place where the whole family can fill their stomachs without installing a kitchen stove. If the air conditioner directly touches the stove fire, it will make the stove fire weak, which will damage the energy of the food in cooking, thus affecting the health of the occupants. In addition, the stove fire is also representative, so it has a great influence on the couple’s sexual life. Try not to install air conditioning in the kitchen, but if you must, try to blow the wind towards the ceiling or sideways.

　　

　　2, the dining room air conditioning dirty food

　　

　　Blowing the dining table directly is a big no-no, it will inevitably accumulate dust if the air conditioner blows the dining table directly, so it is very likely that the dust will fall into the hot food with the wind, and of course it is easier to cool the delicious meals on the table. Theoretically speaking, eating “dirty rice and cold dishes” for a long time will lead to the hidden worry of being defeated, so the air conditioner in the dining room should not be above or near the dining table.

　　

　　Where is the most correct place for air conditioning? Many people don’t know the secret of air conditioning ~!

　　

　　3, bedroom air conditioning to prevent discomfort

　　

　　When people who use the air conditioner evenly to eliminate evil spirits sleep, the pores are wide open and the respiratory system is relatively unguarded. Therefore, if the air conditioner blows directly on the human body, it will not only make the body uncomfortable and catch a cold, but also attract evil spirits more easily. Therefore, the air outlet will be raised upwards, or the windows in the room will be slightly opened to even the cold air coming straight.

　　

　　4. Air conditioning in the study transports energy

　　

　　Wenchang’s good luck comes to the air conditioner to make people cool, so it has the function of condensing thinking and improving reading concentration. If the air conditioner in the study can be moved to the north and the energy of air conditioning operation can be used, it will drive Wenchang’s good luck and be beneficial to candidates or people who study knowledge. Of course, remember not to blow the air outlet toward your face or head, lest your head be unbearable before you finish reading the book.

　　

　　Xiaobian will introduce the relevant information about the placement of air conditioners here for everyone. The placement of air conditioners directly affects our daily life and fortune. If you are also worried about the placement of air conditioners, you may wish to refer to the suggestions in the article and choose the optimal scheme, so as to feel the comfort brought by air conditioners to a certain extent without affecting human health. I hope that the knowledge summarized by Xiaobian can bring you help.

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According to a Reuters report on March 12, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Swiss ambassador to Russia on the 12th because the Swiss Parliament approved a motion authorizing the Swiss government to try to confiscate and transfer Russian assets and provide funds for compensation to Ukraine.

Reports said that Russia summoned Swiss Ambassador Krestina Matilan to protest against the adoption of the above motion by the Swiss Parliament. The motion authorizes the Swiss government to establish a compensation mechanism based on international law for countries that have suffered so-called illegal attacks.

The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said: Russia strongly condemns this practice by the Swiss authorities, which seriously violates the basic principles and norms of international law on state immunity.

Any infringement of Russian state-owned property under the guise of a far-fetched compensation mechanism is nothing more than theft at the national level.

The Russian Foreign Ministry said Russia would retaliate if the Swiss plan was implemented. The Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Switzerland said last year it had frozen about 7.7 billion Swiss francs (US$88.1 billion) in financial assets belonging to Russians under sanctions designed to punish Russia for attacking Ukraine. (Compiled by Lu Di)