Category Archives: hobby

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According to Agence France-Presse reported on May 22, the U.S. health authorities announced on the 22nd that another case of human infection with avian influenza occurred in the United States. The case is related to the spread of the avian influenza virus among dairy cows.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said the infected person was working on a farm in Michigan where cows were infected with the H5N1 virus.

However, the CDC said that the current risk assessment of avian influenza to the American public is still low.

On April 1, the United States state of Texas announced a human case of avian influenza. The CDC said this is likely to be the world’s first case of avian influenza infection through cows.

The CDC noted that people infected in Michigan, like people infected in Texas, only develop symptoms in the eyes. Both have now recovered.

Reported that although human cases of infection with the disease are still rare, experts are concerned about the increasing number of mammals infected with the disease.

There is currently no evidence that the virus spreads from person to person, but scientists worry that the massive spread of the virus may cause the virus to mutate, allowing it to spread from person to person. (Compiled by Lin Xiaoxuan)

　　The daily maintenance of trailer generator is very important for its long-term stable operation. The following are some key maintenance considerations:Mentioned in the article boat generator Born with strong vitality, you can turn a cocoon into a butterfly and become the best yourself after wind and rain. https://usrpower.com/product/usr-pgm-marine-generator-jec60-6kva/

　　A, trailer generator regular inspection and cleaning.

　　Visual inspection:

　　Check the external surface of the generator set regularly to ensure that there is no crack, damage or corrosion.

　　Clean the generator shell, remove dust and dirt, and maintain its good heat dissipation performance.

　　Fuel system check:

　　Check the fuel level in the fuel tank to ensure sufficient fuel.

　　Check the fuel filter and replace it regularly to keep the fuel clean.

　　Oil and lubrication system:

　　Check the oil level and quality of the oil to ensure that the oil meets the specified standards.

　　Replace the oil filter regularly to keep the oil clean.

　　Check the lubrication system to ensure that all lubrication points are fully lubricated.

　　Second, the trailer generator electrical system maintenance

　　Battery maintenance:

　　Check the battery charge regularly to ensure it is sufficient.

　　When the electrolyte is insufficient, it should be replenished in time, and the tightness of the liquid injection port should be checked.

　　Clean the outside of the battery, especially the pole head and panel, to prevent leakage.

　　Wires and connections:

　　Check whether the wire connection is firm to prevent the failure caused by looseness or damage.

　　Check the insulation of wires regularly to ensure that there is no damage or aging.

　　Three, trailer generator engine and transmission system

　　Engine inspection:

　　Check the operation of the engine to ensure that there is no abnormal noise or vibration.

　　Check the cooling system of the engine to ensure that the coolant is sufficient and clean.

　　Transmission system:

　　Check the tension of fan belt and charger belt to ensure their normal operation.

　　Check the wear and tear of transmission parts regularly, and replace the seriously worn parts in time.

　　Four, trailer generator other maintenance matters needing attention

　　Storage environment:

　　When not in use, the generator should be stored in a dry and ventilated place to avoid moisture and corrosion.

　　When it is not used for a long time, it is recommended to drain the fuel completely to prevent the fuel from deteriorating.

　　Emergency power generation test:

　　Conduct emergency power generation tests on a regular basis to check the response ability and operation status of the generator set in an emergency.

　　Records and reports:

　　After each maintenance, the contents and results of maintenance shall be recorded.

　　Regularly check the maintenance records, analyze the running status of the generator set, find problems in time and deal with them.

　　To sum up, the daily maintenance of trailer generator involves many aspects, including regular inspection and cleaning, electrical system maintenance, engine and transmission system inspection and other maintenance precautions. Only by comprehensively considering and implementing these maintenance measures can we ensure the long-term stable operation of trailer-type generators and provide reliable power supply for various occasions.

　　The main factors affecting the price of marine diesel generators include the following aspects. I hope the following introduction can bring reference to users.from boat generator Looking at the development prospects, the future will always bring positive effects. https://usrpower.com/product/usr-pgm-marine-generator-jec60-6kva/

　　First, the power affects the price of marine diesel generators

　　Power is one of the main factors affecting the price of diesel generators. The power demand of marine diesel generators is usually large to meet the power demand of ships. The greater the power, it means that the manufacturing difficulty, material cost and technical content of the generator set may increase, which will lead to the price increase.

　　Second, the brand and configuration affect the price of marine diesel generators

　　Brand: The prices of different brands of marine diesel generators are quite different. Brands usually have good technology, more reliable quality and better after-sales service, so the price is relatively high. Although some brands have lower prices, they may have shortcomings in quality, performance and after-sales service.

　　Configuration: The configuration of marine diesel generator will also affect its price. Configuration may include better control system, better combustion system, better emission treatment device, etc., which will increase the cost of the generator.

　　Third, the quality and technical level

　　Quality: The quality of diesel generator is an important factor affecting its price. Good quality diesel generators have longer service life and lower maintenance cost, so their prices are higher. On the contrary, inferior diesel generators have short service life, high failure rate and higher overall cost, although their prices are lower.

　　Technical level: The technical level will also affect the price of marine diesel generators. Technology usually means higher manufacturing costs and better performance.

　　Iv. market demand and supply

　　Market demand and supply will also have an impact on the price of marine diesel generators. When the market demand exceeds the supply, the price may rise; Conversely, when the supply exceeds the demand, the price may fall. In addition, the intensity of market competition will also affect the price level.

　　V. Other factors

　　In addition to the above main factors, there are other factors that may also affect the price of marine diesel generators, such as fluctuations in raw material prices, rising labor costs, and increased transportation costs. Although these factors are not the main factors that determine the price, they will also have a certain impact on the price.

　　To sum up, the price of marine diesel generators is influenced by many factors, including power, brand and configuration, quality and technical level, market demand and supply and other factors. When purchasing, it is suggested to make comprehensive consideration and selection according to actual demand, budget and brand reputation.

　　What is High Frequency (HF) PCB?In order to achieve the goal, FLEX PCB Turn cocoon into butterfly, constantly polish product quality, improve business ability, and finally have a place in the market. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　High Frequency PCB

　　In today¨s technological landscape, high-frequency electronic devices are becoming increasingly essential, particularly in wireless networks. The rapid growth of satellite communications and the shift toward high-speed, high-frequency information products demand the use of high-frequency substrates. Devices like satellite systems, mobile phone base stations, and other communication products require high-frequency PCBs for optimal performance.

　　Key Features of High Frequency PCBs

　　High Frequency PCB Features

　　The dielectric constant (DK) should be small and stable, with lower values minimizing signal delay.

　　The dissipation factor (DF) should also be low to ensure high-quality signal transmission, reducing signal loss.

　　Thermal expansion properties should be matched with the copper foil to prevent separation due to temperature variations.

　　Water absorption must be low, as higher absorption can negatively impact the dielectric constant (DK) and dissipation factor (DF) in humid environments.

　　The material must exhibit excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, impact endurance, and peel strength.

　　Materials Used in High-Frequency Circuit Boards

　　Materials for High Frequency PCBs

　　High-frequency PCBs for wireless applications and high-speed data transmission, especially those in the GHz range, require specific material properties:

　　Adapted permittivity (dielectric constant).

　　Low attenuation to ensure efficient signal transmission.

　　Homogeneous construction with low tolerances in insulation thickness and dielectric constant.

　　Typically, high-frequency is defined as frequencies above 1 GHz. Currently, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), commonly known as Teflon, is widely used for high-frequency PCBs, especially those operating above 5 GHz. FR4 and PPO substrates are commonly used for frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz. The differences between these materials are as follows:

　　Regarding laminate cost, FR4 is the least expensive, while Teflon is the most costly. In terms of dielectric constant (DK), dissipation factor (DF), water absorption, and frequency characteristics, Teflon outperforms the other substrates. For applications requiring frequencies above 10 GHz, Teflon is the optimal choice, despite its higher cost and poorer heat resistance properties. To enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of PTFE, fillers like SiO2 or fiberglass are added. Additionally, because PTFE has molecular inertia and doesn¨t easily bond with copper foil, special surface treatments (such as chemical or plasma etching) are used to improve adhesion, though these may affect the dielectric performance.

¡¡¡¡Last year, WellCircuits hosted the First PCB Design Contest. Kevin Ceresa was one of the participants, and his entry, the Audio Amplifier 60W, won second prize for Best Design. We are honored to have the opportunity to interview this passionate advocate of Open Source Hardware and electronics.With the expanding influence of the industry, FLEX PCB Our business is also constantly spreading, and the development of the market is also gradually advancing. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin Ceresa Interview Image

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Hello Kevin, congratulations once again and thank you for agreeing to this interview.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Thank you, it¡¯s truly an honor.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Could you please introduce yourself briefly? Many other engineers in the WellCircuits community are eager to learn more about you.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Sure! I am an electronic engineering student and began my career at 16 years old. I have worked on various electronic projects that gave me valuable experience, and I am still involved in a few startup projects.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°I visited your website, Swiss TI Lab, which was co-founded by you and Daniele Chiappa. Can you tell us more about your lab and the story behind its establishment?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°We decided to start the company after our first project launched on Kickstarter. After the initial phase, we continued to design electronic products for both companies and private clients.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Regarding the 2017 WellCircuits PCB Design Contest, how did you learn about the competition, and what motivated you to participate?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°As a WellCircuits customer, I found a post about the contest on their Facebook page. I joined to challenge myself and thought one of my designs could be a good fit for the competition.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Why did you choose your Audio Amplifier 60W project as your contest entry? And how did it feel when you learned that you were one of the winners?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I initially built the amplifier to enhance my skills with the PCB design software I was using, after completing an advanced course. I chose it as my contest entry because it was one of my best designs on a 2-layer PCB and the most practical project for the community. When I found out I won, I was thrilled ¡ª I didn¡¯t expect to win at all.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°What do you think is the most important quality for a good designer?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Experience is crucial when designing electronic projects. It helps you avoid mistakes during schematic design and layout, significantly reducing the time needed to complete the project.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°How do you see the future of open-source hardware?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°With the advancement of technology and decreasing costs of electronics, more people can leverage community knowledge to build anything. I believe WellCircuits plays a significant role in this evolution.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Thanks! What are your thoughts on our website and community? Do you have any suggestions for improvement?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I think the website is well-designed, though it lacks translations into other languages. I¡¯ve ordered many PCBs from you, and I¡¯ve never had any issues. However, I don¡¯t use the community forum much.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Thank you for your feedback. Our Spanish website is now available, and we are also working on Russian and Japanese versions. One last question: If we hold another PCB Design Contest, would you participate again, and would you encourage your friends to join as well?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I will definitely participate again. I¡¯ve already suggested the contest to my friends, and I¡¯ll remind them to join if the competition is held again.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°That¡¯s all. Thank you once again, Kevin. We wish you all the best!¡±

　　The image above is from the crowdfunding project ＾Neosegment Digit￣ by Maks Surguy on Crowd Supply. The project has gained significant attention, raising a total of $6,500. We are proud to support Maks in assembling this project.To get brand praise, PCB manufacturing in China It is necessary to have the spirit of constantly improving the quality of products, but also to have a bunch of eternal heart fire. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　Wellcircuits has also assisted creators with the assembly of the following projects on Crowd Supply:

　　ALio Proto Board: The All-in-One Prototyping Board

　　Neosegment Digit

　　Paperino

　　Crowd Supply is a popular crowdfunding platform based in Portland, Oregon, known for supporting creators in bringing innovative and useful hardware to life. Their mission is to provide the necessary funding and resources to help creators deliver high-quality products to their backers.

　　We first met at the 2017 Open Source Hardware Summit, where we discussed the potential for future collaboration. Both of our goals are aligned in helping enthusiasts bring their projects to life. Today, we are excited to announce our partnership:

　　Any successful crowdfunding project on Crowd Supply is eligible for a 10% discount (up to $300) on PCB assembly services at Wellcircuits. You can also apply for a coupon code for your backers. Simply send your project link to anson@wellcircuits.com to receive your discount.

　　As a professional PCB production and assembly company, Wellcircuits has earned a strong reputation among engineers worldwide. This partnership will leverage our strengths to ensure smooth execution for crowdfunding projects. All of our components are original, and we guarantee on-time delivery, ensuring your supporters receive their products as quickly as possible. Additionally, you can count on excellent after-sales service at Wellcircuits.

　　Let¨s create something amazing together!

　　Flexible circuits, also known globally as flex circuits, flexible printed circuit boards, flex print, or flexi-circuits, are part of the electronic and interconnection family. They consist of a thin insulating polymer film with conductive circuit patterns affixed to it, usually coated with a thin polymer for protection.Actually, it’s not just this reason, FLEX PCB Its own advantages are also obvious, and it is normal for the market to perform well. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　The technology has been used for interconnecting electronic devices since the 1950s and is now a crucial interconnection technology in many advanced electronic products today.

　　pick-and-place-2.jpg

　　Size and Weight Reduction Benefits of Flexible Circuitry

　　Wiring solutions that fit where rigid boards cannot.

　　Thin, lightweight products that are durable.

　　Miniaturized versions of existing technologies.

　　Three-dimensional packaging geometry.

　　A low number of device interconnects.

　　Shock and vibration resistance.

　　These benefits highlight flexible circuitry as an ideal solution for mobile consumer electronics. Inside modern devices like smartphones and laptops, flexible circuitry plays a critical role.

　　In mobile devices, using rigid circuitry would result in devices that are too large, heavy, and fragile to carry conveniently, exemplified by the Osborne I, the first fully powered mobile computer, weighing an intimidating 24.5 pounds. Size and weight reduction is only part of the flexible circuit story; they are also ideal for high-temperature and high-density applications.

　　High Temperature and High-Density Applications

　　Flex circuits, often made of polyimide or similar polymers, dissipate heat better than most rigid circuit board materials. This feature allows flexible circuits to be placed in locations where heat would impact the performance of rigid circuit boards.

　　Flexible circuit boards can withstand extreme temperatures ranging from -200＜C to 400＜C, making them desirable for borehole measurements in the oil and gas industry and preferred in industrial sensor technologies for their small size and durability.

　　High temperature resistance, combined with chemical resistance, excellent resistance to radiation and UV exposure, and the ability to control impedances in high-density designs, makes flexible circuits highly beneficial for manufacturers.

　　Why Not Make All Circuit Boards Flexible?

　　Flexible circuit boards are certainly useful, but they are not going to replace rigid circuit boards for all applications. Cost efficiency is the main obstacle to implementing an exclusively flexible circuit board design in a consumer product. Rigid circuit boards are less expensive to manufacture and install in a typical automated high-volume fabricating facility.

　　Typically, the ideal solution for an innovative product is one that incorporates flexible circuitry when necessary, and employs solid, reliable rigid circuit boards where possible to keep manufacturing and assembly costs down.

¡¡¡¡Last year, WellCircuits hosted the First PCB Design Contest. Kevin Ceresa was one of the participants, and his entry, the Audio Amplifier 60W, won second prize for Best Design. We are honored to have the opportunity to interview this passionate advocate of Open Source Hardware and electronics.So, RF PCB On the contrary, there is still a lot of room to play. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin Ceresa Interview Image

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Hello Kevin, congratulations once again and thank you for agreeing to this interview.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Thank you, it¡¯s truly an honor.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Could you please introduce yourself briefly? Many other engineers in the WellCircuits community are eager to learn more about you.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Sure! I am an electronic engineering student and began my career at 16 years old. I have worked on various electronic projects that gave me valuable experience, and I am still involved in a few startup projects.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°I visited your website, Swiss TI Lab, which was co-founded by you and Daniele Chiappa. Can you tell us more about your lab and the story behind its establishment?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°We decided to start the company after our first project launched on Kickstarter. After the initial phase, we continued to design electronic products for both companies and private clients.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Regarding the 2017 WellCircuits PCB Design Contest, how did you learn about the competition, and what motivated you to participate?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°As a WellCircuits customer, I found a post about the contest on their Facebook page. I joined to challenge myself and thought one of my designs could be a good fit for the competition.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Why did you choose your Audio Amplifier 60W project as your contest entry? And how did it feel when you learned that you were one of the winners?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I initially built the amplifier to enhance my skills with the PCB design software I was using, after completing an advanced course. I chose it as my contest entry because it was one of my best designs on a 2-layer PCB and the most practical project for the community. When I found out I won, I was thrilled ¡ª I didn¡¯t expect to win at all.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°What do you think is the most important quality for a good designer?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°Experience is crucial when designing electronic projects. It helps you avoid mistakes during schematic design and layout, significantly reducing the time needed to complete the project.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°How do you see the future of open-source hardware?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°With the advancement of technology and decreasing costs of electronics, more people can leverage community knowledge to build anything. I believe WellCircuits plays a significant role in this evolution.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Thanks! What are your thoughts on our website and community? Do you have any suggestions for improvement?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I think the website is well-designed, though it lacks translations into other languages. I¡¯ve ordered many PCBs from you, and I¡¯ve never had any issues. However, I don¡¯t use the community forum much.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°Thank you for your feedback. Our Spanish website is now available, and we are also working on Russian and Japanese versions. One last question: If we hold another PCB Design Contest, would you participate again, and would you encourage your friends to join as well?¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Kevin: ¡°I will definitely participate again. I¡¯ve already suggested the contest to my friends, and I¡¯ll remind them to join if the competition is held again.¡±

¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡WellCircuits Team: ¡°That¡¯s all. Thank you once again, Kevin. We wish you all the best!¡±

　　What is High Frequency (HF) PCB?period PCB meaning Many adjustments have also been made, and the direction of product research and development has been reversed, in order to better meet the market demand. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　High Frequency PCB

　　In today¨s technological landscape, high-frequency electronic devices are becoming increasingly essential, particularly in wireless networks. The rapid growth of satellite communications and the shift toward high-speed, high-frequency information products demand the use of high-frequency substrates. Devices like satellite systems, mobile phone base stations, and other communication products require high-frequency PCBs for optimal performance.

　　Key Features of High Frequency PCBs

　　High Frequency PCB Features

　　The dielectric constant (DK) should be small and stable, with lower values minimizing signal delay.

　　The dissipation factor (DF) should also be low to ensure high-quality signal transmission, reducing signal loss.

　　Thermal expansion properties should be matched with the copper foil to prevent separation due to temperature variations.

　　Water absorption must be low, as higher absorption can negatively impact the dielectric constant (DK) and dissipation factor (DF) in humid environments.

　　The material must exhibit excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, impact endurance, and peel strength.

　　Materials Used in High-Frequency Circuit Boards

　　Materials for High Frequency PCBs

　　High-frequency PCBs for wireless applications and high-speed data transmission, especially those in the GHz range, require specific material properties:

　　Adapted permittivity (dielectric constant).

　　Low attenuation to ensure efficient signal transmission.

　　Homogeneous construction with low tolerances in insulation thickness and dielectric constant.

　　Typically, high-frequency is defined as frequencies above 1 GHz. Currently, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), commonly known as Teflon, is widely used for high-frequency PCBs, especially those operating above 5 GHz. FR4 and PPO substrates are commonly used for frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz. The differences between these materials are as follows:

　　Regarding laminate cost, FR4 is the least expensive, while Teflon is the most costly. In terms of dielectric constant (DK), dissipation factor (DF), water absorption, and frequency characteristics, Teflon outperforms the other substrates. For applications requiring frequencies above 10 GHz, Teflon is the optimal choice, despite its higher cost and poorer heat resistance properties. To enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of PTFE, fillers like SiO2 or fiberglass are added. Additionally, because PTFE has molecular inertia and doesn¨t easily bond with copper foil, special surface treatments (such as chemical or plasma etching) are used to improve adhesion, though these may affect the dielectric performance.

　　After several years of development, our clients span across the globe. We are proud to assist countless engineers and enthusiasts in completing their projects. Additionally, we collaborate with various organizations worldwide, including the Open Source Hardware Summit, Maker Faire, SHA2017, and more. Together, all members form the Wellcircuits family.in fact PCB meaning Our related products were once praised by users, which is the best self-affirmation of the products. https://www.wellcircuits.com/

　　As some have mentioned, it¨s exciting to meet new friends when Wellcircuits hosts offline events. We look forward to gathering electronics enthusiasts, where they can share knowledge, discuss new Arduino projects, explore Raspberry Pi products, and much more.

　　Meetup is an excellent platform to facilitate these events. There are numerous groups on Meetup covering topics such as PCB design, Arduino, electronics, and more. If you attend any offline electronics-related events, you can apply for sponsorship from us, which may include coupon codes, PCBs, financial support, and other benefits.

　　Feel free to message our Meetup account or contact Anson at anson@wellcircuits.com if you have any questions.

　　If you have any inquiries regarding PCBs or PCBA, please reach out to us at info@wellcircuits.com.

　　Meetup Logo