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　　This article provides a detailed overview of the key processes and considerations in electroplating, chemical plating, and hot air leveling for Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC). It highlights the importance of pre-treatment in electroplating for maintaining FPC performance, the challenges in controlling plating thickness, and issues related to post-plating stains. Additionally, the article discusses the application of chemical plating when FPC conductors cannot serve as electrodes and the quality concerns that may arise. Finally, it examines the use of hot air leveling on FPCs, focusing on adhesion strength and moisture resistance. Through this article, readers will gain a deeper understanding of the common challenges in FPC manufacturing and their solutions.Doing these simple things can also make flexible PCB Sowing high-quality genes will eventually grow into towering trees and become the leader in the industry. https://gekunflex.com/

　　FPC manufacturer

　　FPC manufacturer

　　FPC Plating Process

　　1. Pre-treatment for FPC Electroplating

　　After the flexible printed circuit (FPC) undergoes the coating process, the exposed copper conductors may be contaminated by adhesives or ink. Additionally, oxidation and discoloration caused by high-temperature processes can occur. To ensure good adhesion of the plating, these contaminants and oxidation layers must be removed, leaving the conductor surface clean.

　　However, some contaminants are strongly bonded to the copper conductor, making it difficult to remove them with weak cleaning agents. Strong alkaline abrasives and brushing are typically used for this treatment. Since the adhesive used in the cover layer is often epoxy-based, which is not resistant to alkaline agents, this can weaken bonding strength. Although not immediately apparent, during the electroplating process, the plating solution may seep into the edges of the cover layer, and in severe cases, cause delamination of the cover layer.

　　At the final soldering stage, solder might seep beneath the cover layer. Therefore, the pre-treatment cleaning process has a significant impact on the basic characteristics of the FPC, making it essential to pay close attention to the processing conditions.

　　2. Thickness of FPC Electroplating

　　The deposition rate of electroplating metal is directly related to the intensity of the electric field, which varies depending on the shape of the circuit and the position of the electrodes. Generally, the thinner the conductor line and the sharper the terminal end, the stronger the electric field, leading to a thicker plating in those areas.

　　In FPC applications, there are often wide differences in the width of conductor lines within the same circuit, resulting in uneven plating thickness. To prevent this, auxiliary cathode patterns are added around the circuit to absorb uneven current distribution across the plating pattern, ensuring uniform plating thickness across all areas.

　　Electrode structure is key here. A compromise approach can be adopted, where stricter standards apply to areas requiring high plating uniformity, such as molten solder (lead-tin) and gold plating for metal wire bonding, while areas requiring plating for general corrosion protection may have more relaxed thickness requirements.

　　FPC manufacturer

　　3. Contamination of FPC Electroplating

　　Immediately after electroplating, the plated surface may appear fine, but stains, dirt, or discoloration can appear over time. Often, these issues are not detected during factory inspections but are discovered during customer acceptance tests. This happens when the plated surface is not adequately rinsed, leaving residual plating solution, which reacts chemically over time, especially on the flexible surface due to its softness and uneven texture.

　　To prevent this, thorough rinsing and drying are essential. A high-temperature thermal aging test can verify whether rinsing was sufficient.

　　FPC Chemical Plating

　　When the conductor to be plated is isolated and cannot serve as an electrode, chemical plating must be used. Chemical plating solutions are highly reactive, and a common example is chemical gold plating. The chemical gold plating solution is an alkaline solution with a very high pH value.

　　When using this process, it is easy for the plating solution to seep beneath the cover layer, especially if the lamination quality control is poor, leading to weak adhesion. Displacement reactions in chemical plating exacerbate this problem, making it difficult to achieve ideal plating conditions.

　　FPC Hot Air Leveling (HASL)

　　Hot air leveling was originally developed for rigid printed circuit boards (PCBs) to coat them with lead-tin. However, this technique has been applied to FPCs due to its simplicity. Hot air leveling involves immersing the board vertically into molten lead-tin and blowing off excess solder with hot air.

　　These conditions are quite harsh for FPCs. Without special measures, FPCs cannot be immersed in molten solder. To address this, FPCs must be clamped between titanium-steel meshes before immersion. Additionally, the surface of the FPC must be cleaned and coated with flux beforehand.

　　Due to the harsh nature of the hot air leveling process, solder may seep beneath the edges of the cover layer, especially if the bonding strength between the cover layer and the copper foil is weak. Since polyimide films are prone to moisture absorption, moisture can evaporate suddenly under the heat, causing blistering or even delamination of the cover layer. Therefore, drying and moisture control must be performed before FPC hot air leveling.

　　FPC manufacturer

　　FPC manufacturer

　　Gekun is a leading manufacturer specializing in high-quality Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC). With years of experience in the industry, Gekun provides advanced FPC solutions tailored to various industries, including telecommunications, medical devices, automotive, and consumer electronics. Their manufacturing process emphasizes precision, reliability, and innovation, ensuring excellent performance and durability. For businesses looking for custom FPC designs or mass production, Gekun stands out as a trusted partner, offering both competitive pricing and cutting-edge technology.

　　For more information on Gekun¨s FPC manufacturing capabilities, you can visit their official website or contact their team for specific inquiries.

　　Aha, friends! Today, let’s talk about a headache for many watch fans-Vacheron Constantin watches go slowly. This matter is really scratching your head, but don’t worry, let’s solve this mystery today and let you have a comprehensive understanding of this problem.beyond doubt patek 7234g It will definitely lead the development direction of the whole industry and let its light bloom in this field. https://finewatchcare.com/products/fwc-watch-protective-film-for-patek-philippe-nautilus-40-5-59

　　First of all, we have to understand that no watch is a perfect mechanical work of art. Even a top brand like Vacheron Constantin will inevitably encounter the problem of “time deviation”. So, what caused this problem?

　　1. Environmental factors: This is a very common reason. Temperature change, air pressure fluctuation and magnetic field interference (such as mobile phones, computers and other electronic devices) may affect the accuracy of watches. For example, you put your watch next to your mobile phone for the night and wake up the next day to find that the time is slow? Don’t blame it for being disloyal, it’s just “confused” by electromagnetic fields.

　　2. Wearing habits: If you often do strenuous exercise or do high-intensity physical labor (such as diving and rock climbing), it may also lead to time deviation of the watch. This is because the vibration generated during the movement has an influence on the movement.

　　3. Improper maintenance: Watches that are not regularly cleaned, adjusted or replaced are as prone to problems as unpatched computers. Dust and sludge accumulated in the movement will affect its normal operation.

　　4. Movement aging: With the passage of time, the parts in the movement may wear or age, resulting in a decrease in accuracy. Especially those watches that have not been used for a long time, this may happen when they are re-worn.

　　5. Special functions: Some advanced watches are equipped with complex functions (such as perpetual calendar, moon phase display, etc.), which require extra power source and precise adjustment mechanism. Improper use or poor maintenance may lead to time deviation.

　　Solution, generally speaking:

　　Regular inspection: send it to a professional store for inspection and adjustment at least once a year.

　　Pay attention to the environment: avoid exposing the watch to strong magnetic field.

　　Wear it reasonably: avoid wearing it during strenuous exercise.

　　Daily maintenance: clean and replace the battery regularly (if it is a mechanical watch).

　　Understand special functions: use watches with complex functions correctly and maintain them regularly.

　　Finally, a word of caution: If the problem persists or you are confused about the maintenance process, please be sure to seek professional help! After all, “leaving professional things to professional people to do” is the most worry-free and labor-saving way!

　　Well, my friends, I hope this article can help you solve the mystery about Vacheron Constantin’s watch’s slowness. Remember to pay attention to your little baby-your watch! Talk to you next time!

　　The universe is vast and full of mystery. Humans have been curious about the universe since ancient times and are eager to understand its mysteries. This article will reveal ten cool space science knowledge for you, and take you to appreciate the wonders of the universe.From the demand side, 太空探索 More in line with the psychological expectations of consumers, willing to pay for the things they like. https://www.zhanmeng.net/

　　Black hole: the mysterious devourer in the universe. A black hole is a celestial body formed by the collapse of a star. Its gravity is extremely strong, and it can devour everything close to it, even light cannot escape. At present, scientists have discovered many black holes, but their internal structures remain a mystery.

　　Big bang: the starting point of the birth of the universe about 13.8 billion years ago, a huge explosion triggered the birth of the universe. This explosion is called the “Big Bang”. It produced countless stars, planets and other celestial bodies, which made up today’s universe.

　　Dark matter and dark energy: invisible forces in the universe. Dark matter and dark energy are two mysterious components in the universe. Although they cannot be directly observed, scientists believe that they account for about 95% of the total mass of the universe and play a key role in the evolution of the universe.

　　Multi-Universe: Endless Possibilities Multi-Universe Theory holds that our universe may be just one of countless parallel universes. These universes may have different physical laws and historical processes, which constitute endless possibilities.

　　Astronomical unit: The astronomical unit (AU) is a unit for measuring the scale of the universe. 1 AU is equal to the average distance from the earth to the sun, which is about 1.496〜 10 8 km. Through astronomical units, scientists can describe the distance between universes more conveniently.

　　Gravitational waves: ripples in the universe. Gravitational waves are spatial distortions caused by the movement of celestial bodies, and spread outward like ripples in water. In 2015, scientists directly observed gravitational waves for the first time, which verified the prediction of Einstein’s general relativity.

　　Cosmic background radiation: the oldest light in the universe. Cosmic background radiation is the faint light left after the Big Bang. It is the oldest “relic” in the universe. By studying the cosmic background radiation, scientists can understand the early history and evolution of the universe.

　　Tianwen-1: A milestone in China’s exploration of Mars. Tianwen-1 is a Mars probe independently developed by China and launched in 2020. It has successfully accomplished the three major tasks of Mars’ circumnavigation, landing and patrol, and created a new glory for China’s deep space exploration.

　　Alien life: Other life forms that may exist in the universe With the continuous exploration of the universe, scientists are more and more interested in the possibility of alien life. Many scientists believe that there may be life forms different from life on earth on other planets in the universe.

　　Mankind’s space exploration: a journey across the stars Since the 20th century, mankind has made great progress in the field of space exploration. From the Apollo 11 landing on the moon, to the establishment of the International Space Station, and then to the exploration of Mars, human beings have been constantly expanding their cognitive boundaries of the universe.

　　We can see the mystery and mystery of the universe through these ten cool knowledge of space science popularization. And human exploration of the universe will continue endlessly. Let us look forward to more amazing discoveries about the universe and reveal more secrets about the universe.

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According to Agence France-Presse reported in Brussels on March 21, European leaders meeting in Brussels on the 21st decided to move forward and adopt a plan to use the proceeds of Russian frozen assets in the EU to arm Ukraine.

The EU’s High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrelli, pointed out that the interest on these assets is between 2.5 billion and 3 billion euros per year.

Reported that European Council President Charles Michel said at a press conference held on the evening of the 21st: We are determined to take quick action so that part of this money can be used to support Ukraine.

Ukraine President Zelensky told leaders of the 27 European Union via video link that it is crucial for the EU to provide more ammunition to the Ukraine army.

He urged: Please strengthen the (Ukraine) defense industry as soon as possible and do not waste time.

According to a report by the Russian news agency Moscow on March 21, Russian Presidential Press Secretary Peskov said that Russia will use all judicial mechanisms and choose other means to retaliate against the EU to prevent the EU from using frozen Russian assets to aid Ukraine.

Peskov said in response to reporters: Of course, we will make use of all possible legal mechanisms, those that are currently available and that we will use when they arise in the future. Of course, on the basis of mutual visits, we will not copy it completely, but choose other means to retaliate to the extent that is in line with our interests. (Compiled by Zhao Kexin and Li Ran)

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According to a report by the Hindustan Times on March 12, a Shine fighter jet of the Indian Air Force crashed near Jaysermer during a combat flight training on the 12th. The pilot ejected and escaped before the crash.

The Indian Air Force said in a statement: During today’s combat flight training, an Indian Air Force Shine fighter plane encountered an accident in Jaysermer. Pilot ejected safely (escape). The Indian Air Force has established a court of inquiry to find out the cause of the accident.

According to Reuters, this was the first such crash since the Korn fighter jet was installed in the Indian Air Force in 2016. An Indian Air Force officer told Reuters that the crash on the 12th broke the aircraft’s safe flight record since its first test flight more than 20 years ago.

The Hindustan Times reported that the Shining Fighter is an Indian-made supersonic aircraft. In 1984, the light fighter plan proposed by the Indian government prompted India to establish the Aviation Development Authority to take charge of its research and development. Hindustan Aviation Limited leads the design and development of this aircraft. (Compiled by Xu Yanhong)

　　First of all, it must be admitted that Rolex watches, as a work of art between wrists, have attracted countless watch fans for their precise timekeeping and unique design. However, sometimes, it will encounter some minor problems-being magnetized. Don’t worry, it’s not complicated.For these reasons, I think vacheron constantin 49150 The situation is still optimistic, and the market is still in a blue ocean stage. https://finewatchcare.com/products/fwc-for-vacheron-constantin-overseas-chronograph-42-49150-watch-protection-film

　　Clues to identify magnetization

　　When you find that your watch suddenly becomes inaccurate, or it is fast and slow, it may be a sign of magnetization. Don’t throw it into the trash can or send it to the repair shop at this time. Calm down first.

　　Natural demagnetization method is preferred.

　　The simplest and most environmentally friendly method is natural demagnetization. Find a place away from electromagnetic fields (such as computers, mobile phones and microwave ovens) for a period of time. Usually, keep the watch away from the strong magnetic field for a day or two and it will recover itself. Just like you take a magnet out of the refrigerator and let it take a walk in the air, it will return to its original state.

　　If the natural demagnetization method is ineffective

　　If the natural demagnetization method doesn’t work, or you find that the watch has been seriously magnetized (for example, it is extremely serious when walking), you have to take more professional measures. At this time, you can consider using a special degausser.

　　Secret of professional degausser

　　There are some handheld devices or small machines specially used for degaussing in the market. Put your Rolex watch in the degausser for a short time to complete the degaussing process. Remember to read the instructions before use and make sure that the equipment is suitable for your watch type.

　　matters need attention

　　Before using any method, please make sure that your Rolex watch has no other sensitive parts.

　　If you are not sure about the operation steps, please consult professional maintenance personnel.

　　Avoid frequent exposure to strong magnetic fields to avoid repeated magnetic exposure.

　　Although Rolex watches are expensive, it is not difficult to maintain them daily and deal with minor problems correctly. Remember these three points: identifying problems, naturally demagnetizing, and professional help. Now you have mastered the skills of dealing with the magnetism of Rolex watches! The next time you encounter a similar situation, you don’t have to panic to find an expensive solution-it can be done in a few easy steps! Therefore, whether it is a new watch or an old friend, the story behind the word “Rolex” is worthy of our care and exploration.

　　Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become a vital component across various industries, from consumer electronics to automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications. But how much does a flexible PCB actually cost? In this blog, we will dive into the key factors that influence the cost of flexible PCBs, helping you understand the price dynamics and how to manage costs effectively.from flexible PCB Looking at the development prospects, the future will always bring positive effects. https://gekunflex.com/

　　Introduction to Flexible PCBs

　　Flexible PCBs, also known as flex circuits, offer a range of benefits, including space-saving designs, lightweight structures, and excellent durability. These features make them highly sought-after in industries like electronics, automotive, and aerospace. However, when it comes to determining the cost of flexible PCBs, several factors come into play, from material choices to the complexity of the design.

　　Key Factors Influencing Flexible PCB Prices

　　The cost of flexible PCBs can vary significantly depending on multiple aspects, making it essential to understand the main drivers behind pricing. These factors include material selection, production complexity, order volume, and even the supplier¨s location.

　　Material Selection and Its Impact on Price

　　One of the most crucial factors in determining the price of a flexible PCB is the type of material used. Flexible PCBs typically use polyimide or polyester substrates, with polyimide being more expensive due to its superior thermal stability and flexibility.

　　Polyimide (PI): More expensive but offers excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties. Ideal for high-performance applications in aerospace or automotive sectors.

　　Polyester (PET): Less expensive, mainly used in cost-sensitive applications where extreme heat resistance is not required.

　　Conductive materials like copper can also affect costs. Thicker copper layers offer better performance but come at a higher price. The choice of adhesive or overlay materials can further add to the final cost.

　　Manufacturing Process and Complexity

　　The complexity of the design directly impacts the price of flexible PCBs. Multilayer boards, rigid-flex designs, or intricate patterns require more time, expertise, and advanced machinery to manufacture, which increases costs. Single-layer PCBs, by contrast, are relatively simple to produce and thus less expensive.

　　Key factors that affect manufacturing costs include:

　　Number of layers: More layers add complexity and cost.

　　Trace width and spacing: Tighter tolerances increase manufacturing difficulty.

　　Component mounting: Flex PCBs designed for specific components or connectors may require additional labor or special processes, driving up prices.

　　Flexible PCB Cost

　　Volume and Production Scale

　　Another significant price determinant is the order quantity. Large production runs benefit from economies of scale, which reduces the per-unit cost. On the other hand, small or custom orders will typically have a higher unit price due to setup costs and lower material volume discounts.

　　Prototypes and low-volume orders can be more expensive per unit because manufacturers need to dedicate time and resources to creating a unique setup. However, once production reaches a high volume, the overall price can decrease significantly.

　　Supplier Location and Its Influence on Pricing

　　Geographic location also plays a role in flexible PCB pricing. For example, manufacturers based in China or other regions with lower labor costs may offer more competitive pricing. However, this should be balanced against quality considerations and shipping costs.

　　In some cases, choosing a local supplier may save on transportation time and costs, while international suppliers may offer better prices but with longer lead times.

　　Why Choose Gekun for Your Flexible PCB Needs?

　　At Gekun, we specialize in providing high-quality flexible PCBs at competitive prices. We understand the importance of balancing cost, performance, and reliability, especially for industries like electronics, automotive, and aerospace. Whether you need single-layer flex circuits or complex rigid-flex designs, our team ensures that you receive the best product at the best price.

　　Flexible PCB Cost-1

　　Gekun¨s advantages include:

　　State-of-the-art manufacturing facilities.

　　Expert engineering support.

　　Flexible pricing options for both low-volume prototypes and large-scale production.

　　On-time delivery and exceptional customer service.

　　The price of a flexible PCB is influenced by various factors, including material selection, manufacturing complexity, order volume, and supplier location. Understanding these factors helps in making informed decisions to manage costs effectively without sacrificing quality.

　　When you choose Gekun as your flexible PCB supplier, you¨re not just getting a product; you¨re partnering with an industry leader committed to providing top-tier solutions at competitive prices. Contact us today to learn more about our flexible PCB offerings.

　　By keeping your specific requirements in mind and choosing the right supplier, you can optimize both the cost and performance of your flexible PCB.

　　Space exploration has always been an important field of human exploration.So we can draw a preliminary conclusion, 机械化功能付费出名 It is helpful to the needs of the industry market and social development. https://www.zhanmeng.net/

　　With the continuous progress of science and technology, new fields of space exploration are constantly emerging.

　　The following are new fields to explore the mysteries of outer space: 1. exoplanet explorer: With the continuous progress of science and technology, we have been able to detect planets outside our solar system.

　　These planets may be the habitat of extraterrestrial life, so exploring these planets is very important for us to understand whether there is other life in the universe.

　　2. Interstellar travel: Although the current technology cannot achieve interstellar travel, scientists are studying how to use the gravity between spacecraft and stars to achieve interstellar travel.

　　This will be one of the greatest explorations in human history.

　　3. Exploitation of space resources: There are many valuable resources in space, such as water, oxygen, metals and rare earth elements.

　　These resources can be used to support space exploration and industrial production on earth.

　　Therefore, the development of space resources has also become a new field.

　　4. Space astronomy: Space astronomy is the study of celestial bodies and cosmology in the universe.

　　With the continuous progress of science and technology, we have been able to observe more distant galaxies and more distant universes.

　　These observations will help us better understand the origin and evolution of the universe.

　　5. Space environment research: Space environment has an important impact on space exploration and human health.

　　Therefore, space environment research has also become a new field.

　　Scientists are studying problems such as space radiation, microgravity and space junk in order to better protect the health of space explorers and the sustainability of the space environment.

　　In a word, exploring the mysteries of outer space is a field full of challenges and opportunities.

　　With the continuous progress of science and technology, we believe that more new fields will emerge, providing more possibilities for human beings to explore the universe.

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On March 20, local time, according to a report released by the Texas police in the United States, Anji Zhao (AC), chairman and CEO of Fumao Group, drove drunk into a pond on a ranch in Texas and drowned last month. Before Zhao Anji died, she called a friend for eight minutes. She also told the friend that she was going to die and said goodbye to her.

According to US media reports, the investigation concluded by the Blanco County Sheriff’s Office in Texas that Zhao Anji’s death was an unfortunate accident. Her blood alcohol concentration was 0233 grams per 100 milliliters, which was three times the state’s legal limit.

The report stated that police watched surveillance video from the scene, which showed Zhao Anji’s Tesla rushing forward, then reversing over the limestone wall, and rushing into the pond at about 11:38 pm on the 10th.

Blanco County Deputy Sheriff Robert Woodring (RW) said the release of the new detailed report also means that the investigation into Zhao Anji’s death has come to an end.

On February 10, 50-year-old Zhao Anji invited seven friends to a ranch near Johnson City (JC), west of Austin, Texas, for the weekend. Zhao Anji died after having dinner with her friends at the ranch on the evening of the 10th.

After Zhao Anji’s unfortunate death, Zhao Cheng re-served as chairman of Fumao Group, and Li Maike (ML) became president and CEO.

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On the 23rd local time, Daihatsu Industries reported to Japan’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism that due to defects in the shock absorber (stabilizer bar) on the front of the vehicle, a total of 104471 vehicles will be recalled for two models (produced from June 2019 to January 2020). So far, 123 defect reports have been received.

According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, due to poor management of the production process, liquids used for rust prevention and the like remained inside the device, resulting in reduced strength. These components may break while the vehicle is driving. Daihatsu Industry will solve the problem by replacing relevant components.

Daihatsu is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan. It was founded in Osaka, Japan in 1907 and focuses on the manufacturing of small cars. (General reporter Li Weibing)