Monthly Archives: September 2024

　　Application process of RTK radio network modeWithout exception, RF Module Our customers are willing to purchase their products, because high quality is the concept of their products. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　1, instrument erection

　　

　　Complete the hardware erection and configuration of the reference station and mobile station, and build the hardware environment for the operation.

　　

　　2. New projects

　　

　　Create engineering, configure basic information such as parameters and coordinates, and complete the data foundation needed for the operation.

　　

　　3. Find the conversion parameters

　　

　　Match the plane coordinates required by the project with the default latitude and longitude coordinates, and directly obtain the required target reference frame coordinates in the operation. /4, single point correction

　　

　　Input the known plane coordinates of the measuring point and correct the parameter differences between different coordinate systems. (It can be skipped after parameter calculation, but it needs to be corrected every time the base station restarts.)

　　

　　4. Check the known points

　　

　　Measure at known points to confirm whether the parameter transformation between different coordinate systems is accurate and effective.

　　

　　5, measurement and lofting

　　

　　Carry out survey or lofting operations in the operation area to obtain the target results.

　　

　　6. Data export

　　

　　Export data from the notebook and copy it to the computer for office processing.

　　

　　Use process of RTK radio mode

　　

　　1, the erection of reference stations

　　

　　Load the battery and turn it on.

　　

　　Open the project star in the notebook and connect to the host through the Bluetooth Manager.

　　

　　Use “Host Settings” to set the host as “base station” and the host data link as “radio station”, set the corresponding radio channel, select the appropriate data format (such as RTCM32) in “Reference Station Settings”, and click “Start the base station” after obtaining the coordinates of the base station.

　　

　　When the data light flashes every second, it indicates that the reference station has been started successfully.

　　

　　2. Set up the mobile station

　　

　　Similar to the reference station, the host is set as “mobile station” and the host data link is set as “radio station”, and the radio channel corresponding to the reference station is set.

　　

　　When the data light of the mobile station flashes every second and reaches a fixed solution, it indicates that the mobile station is working normally.

　　

　　3. Parameter setting

　　

　　New Project: After the solution status is fixed, click “Project” and “New Project” and enter the project name.

　　

　　Antenna Height Setting: Click “Configuration” and “Engineering Settings” and enter the correct antenna height.

　　

　　Coordinate System Settings: Click Configure, Coordinate System Settings and Add, and enter the name of the parameter system (set at will). Select the ellipsoid name as required, and enter the actual local central meridian, and use the default values for other parameters.

　　

　　4. Find the conversion parameters

　　

　　Click “Measure” and “Point Measure” to collect the coordinate information of two known points A1 and A2 in turn.

　　

　　Click “Input”, “Calculation of Conversion Parameters” and “Add”, input the known plane coordinates of point A1, “OK” and “Select a point from the coordinate management library”, select the newly measured point A1, then complete the entry of point A2 in the same way, click “Save”, enter a user-defined file name, and click “Apply” after checking that the horizontal and elevation accuracy are correct, and then assign the parameter values to the current project.

　　

　　After the conversion is completed, the information of the third known point A3 is collected for verification.

　　

　　5, single point correction

　　

　　Every time the reference station is restarted, the mobile station should make a single point correction.

　　

　　Click “Input”, “Calibration Wizard” and “Reference Station Erected at Unknown Point” to erect the mobile station at a known control point. Enter the known plane coordinates and pole height of the mobile station, click “Calibration” and “OK” after the bubble is centered, and the calibration work is completed. After the calibration is completed, it should be checked at another known control point.

　　

　　6. Measure

　　

　　After completing the above steps, point measurement and lofting can be carried out.

　　

　　Application process of RTK radio network mode

　　

　　1, the erection of reference stations

　　

　　Insert the SIM card, load the battery, and start the machine.

　　

　　Open the project star in the notebook and connect to the host through the Bluetooth Manager.

　　

　　Use “Host Settings” to set the host as “base station” and the host data link as “network”.

　　

　　Set the network mode. Customize “Host Settings”, “Network Settings”, “Add” and “Name”, select EAGLE for “Mode”, GPGGA/CDMA for “Connection”, fill in cmnet for “APN”, enter the IP address and corresponding port, set the user name and password, and generally set the access point as the base station host body number to facilitate identification and prevent duplication. Click “OK” after setting.

　　

　　Select an appropriate data format (such as RTCM32) in “Reference Station Settings”, click “Start Base Station” after obtaining the coordinates of the base station, and when the data light flashes every second, it indicates that the reference station has been started successfully.

　　

　　2. Set up the mobile station

　　

　　In a way similar to the base station, set the host as a mobile station and the data link of the host as a network. According to the setting of the base station, select “NTRIP-UDS” as the Mode, enter the corresponding IP address, port, user name, password and access point, and click “OK” and “Connect” until the GPGGA data is successfully uploaded.

　　

　　When the data light of the mobile station flashes every second and reaches a fixed solution, it indicates that the mobile station is working normally.

　　

　　3. Parameter setting

　　

　　New Project: After the solution status is fixed, click “Project” and “New Project” and enter the project name.

　　

　　Antenna Height Setting: Click “Configuration” and “Engineering Settings” and enter the correct antenna height.

　　

　　Coordinate System Settings: Click Configure, Coordinate System Settings and Add, and enter the name of the parameter system (set at will). Select the ellipsoid name as required, and enter the actual local central meridian, and use the default values for other parameters.

　　

　　4. Find the conversion parameters

　　

　　Click “Measure” and “Point Measure” to collect the coordinate information of two known points A1 and A2 in turn.

　　

　　Click “Input”, “Calculation of Conversion Parameters” and “Add”, input the known plane coordinates of point A1, “OK” and “Select a point from the coordinate management library”, select the newly measured point A1, then complete the entry of point A2 in the same way, click “Save”, enter a user-defined file name, and click “Apply” after checking that the horizontal and elevation accuracy are correct, and then assign the parameter values to the current project.

　　

　　After the conversion is completed, the information of the third known point A3 is collected for verification.

　　

　　5, single point correction

　　

　　Every time the reference station is restarted, the mobile station should make a single point correction.

　　

　　Click “Input”, “Calibration Wizard” and “Reference Station Erected at Unknown Point” to erect the mobile station at a known control point. Enter the known plane coordinates and pole height of the mobile station, click “Calibration” and “OK” after the bubble is centered, and the calibration work is completed. After the calibration is completed, it should be checked at another known control point.

　　

　　6. Measure

　　

　　After completing the above steps, RTK radio station can carry out point measurement and lofting.

　　There are various types of fiber optic cables available on the market, differing in size, shape, color, structure, and material. Choosing the right fiber optic cable can be challenging, but this article offers some tips to help you make the best decision.Not only does it perform well in data, fiber optic cables In the market share, it is also gradually expanding, so that more people can benefit. https://kechengdg.com/

　　

　　optical cable

　　

　　What is Fiber Optic Cable?

　　

　　Fiber optic cables transmit data in the form of light pulses through flexible, optically pure glass. These cables consist of five main components: the core, cladding, coating, strength members, and outer jacket.

　　

　　- Core: Made of high-purity silica (SiO2) with a small amount of dopants, the core is responsible for transmitting light pulses generated by lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

　　

　　- Cladding: This thin layer of glass surrounds the core and has a different refractive index to reflect light back into the core, allowing the signal to propagate.

　　

　　- Coating: Designed to absorb shock, prevent excessive bending, and protect the core.

　　

　　- Strength Members: These components shield the core from excessive tension and compression, particularly during installation.

　　

　　- Outer Jacket: Provides protection from external factors like shock, moisture, and other environmental influences.

　　

　　optical cable

　　

　　Tips for Choosing the Right Fiber Optic Cable

　　

　　1. Cable Type

　　

　　First, determine whether you need single-mode (SM) or multimode (MM) fiber optic cable based on your network application and specifications. Generally, SM fiber is ideal for long-distance and outdoor applications, while MM fiber is suited for short-distance and indoor use.

　　

　　2. Fiber Core Count

　　

　　After selecting the fiber type, calculate the number of fibers needed for your network. This depends on the scale of your FTTX (Fiber to the x) and ODN (Optical Distribution Network) projects and the type of fiber optic cable you plan to use. Backbone cables typically range from 24 to 288 cores, while distribution cables require fewer cores. FTTH home cables usually have 1 or 2 cores.

　　

　　3. Deployment Environment

　　

　　Consider the structure and material of the fiber optic cable based on its deployment location:

　　

　　- Outdoor:

　　

　　For direct burial, loose tube layer-stranded armored fiber optic cables offer the best protection. In overhead environments, self-supporting cables that can bear their own weight, such as figure-8 or ADSS cables, are ideal.

　　

　　- Indoor:

　　

　　Flame-retardant, low-smoke, halogen-free (LSZH) cables are essential for indoor use. In duct environments, choose cables with flame-retardant and LSZH properties. For exposed indoor environments, the same LSZH cables are required. Tight-buffered optical fibers, known for their small bending diameter, softness, and easy stripping, are well-suited for indoor applications.

　　

　　- Buildings:

　　

　　When laying cables vertically or horizontally within a building, tight-buffered, bundled (D-type), or branched (B-type) optical cables are recommended.

　　

　　4. Connectors

　　

　　Connectors are crucial for establishing a secure fiber optic network. Common types include ST, FC, SC, LC, and MTP/MPO connectors.

　　

　　- ST: Popular in telecommunication networks, spring-loaded for easy connection and removal.

　　

　　- FC: Threaded body, ideal for high-vibration environments, polarized fiber, and SM fiber.

　　

　　- SC: Snap-on connector, commonly used in SM fiber, duplex networks, CATV, media converters, and FTTX.

　　

　　- LC: A standard ceramic ferrule connector, half the size of SC, used in SM fiber, data centers, LANs, FTTH, and CATV.

　　

　　- MTP/MPO: High-performance multi-core connectors for data centers.

　　

　　optical cable

　　

　　Summary

　　

　　When selecting a fiber optic cable, consider the cable type, fiber core count, deployment environment, and connectors. By evaluating these factors, you can confidently choose the most suitable fiber optic cable for your needs.

　　In today¨s highly competitive business environment, it is crucial to drive sales growth and stay ahead of competitors. Companies need to adopt innovative marketing strategies to attract customers and increase profits. Window hanging advertising machines have become a powerful tool to increase sales.This means that advertising screen It is the weather vane of the industry and can bring people great self-confidence. https://chestnuter.com/

　　

　　window hanging advertising machines

　　

　　1. Understand its impact

　　

　　This dynamic display installed in the store window attracts customers with the power of vision. By placing it in a highly visible position, companies can easily reach their target audience, enhance the customer experience, create a lasting impression, and ultimately increase sales.

　　

　　2. Create visuals that attract attention

　　

　　The key to success is to create visually engaging content. Incorporating high-quality images and videos is essential, which should be eye-catching, clear, and convey a unique value proposition. Using color psychology can evoke specific emotions and influence customer behavior.

　　

　　3. Showcase product highlights and promotions

　　

　　This is an ideal platform for showcasing products and promotions. Strategically displaying best-selling or new products can spark curiosity and encourage potential customers to enter the store. Clearly display the unique advantages of the product and create a sense of urgency with limited-time offers.

　　

　　4. Personalize content for target audiences

　　

　　Segment customer groups based on demographics, preferences or behaviors to provide highly relevant information. Leverage data insights to better understand customers and create personalized experiences.

　　

　　5. Enhance in-store engagement and interactivity

　　

　　Incorporate technologies such as touch screens to encourage customers to interact with advertising machine displays. Integrate social media and user-generated content to promote authenticity and engagement. Incorporate gamification to create fun experiences and enhance brand loyalty.

　　

　　6. Optimize with data and analysis

　　

　　Track and analyze customer interactions with displays to provide insights and understand their effectiveness. Use data analysis tools to measure key performance indicators and improve information delivery through A/B testing.

　　

　　7. Overcome challenges and adopt best practices

　　

　　Although the potential is huge, issues such as glare and visibility need to be addressed. Proper maintenance and timely updating of content are essential. Work with professional designers to ensure visual appeal.

　　

　　Window hanging advertising machines are a transformative tool for boosting sales and driving business growth. By creating eye-catching visuals, showcasing products and promotions, and personalizing content, businesses can increase customer engagement and drive sales. Leveraging data analytics, overcoming challenges and implementing best practices ensures optimal performance and results. Forward-looking businesses should seize this opportunity to elevate their business to new heights.

　　1. List of questions and alliance answers for operators to deploy NB-IoTAccording to related reports, RF Module To a large extent, it leads the changes of market conditions. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　How is the network architecture of NB-IoT composed?

　　

　　Building vertical industry application of Internet of Things based on NB-IoT technology will tend to be simpler and the division of labor will be clearer.

　　

　　How do domestic and foreign operators divide the frequency bands of NB-IoT?

　　

　　Most operators in the world use the 900MHz frequency band to deploy NB-IoT, and some operators deploy it in the 800MHz frequency band. China Unicom’s NB-IoT is deployed in 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands, and only 900MHz can be tested at present. In order to build the NB-IoT Internet of Things, China Mobile will obtain the FDD license and allow the existing 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands to be re-cultivated. China Telecom’s NB-IoT is deployed in the 800MHz band, with a frequency of only 5MHz.

　　

　　NB-IoT network deployment schedule?

　　

　　In 2016, China Unicom launched NB-IoT field-scale networking tests based on 900MHz and 1800MHz in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, Changsha and Yinchuan), as well as more than six business application demonstrations. In 2018, the commercial deployment of NB-IoT will be fully promoted nationwide. China Mobile plans to start the commercialization of NB-IoT in 2017. China Telecom plans to deploy NB-IoT network in the first half of 2017. Huawei and six operators (China Unicom, China Mobile, Vodafone, Emirates Telecom, Telefonica and Italia Telecom) set up six NB-IoT open laboratories around the world, focusing on NB-IoT business innovation, industry development, interoperability testing and product compatibility verification. ZTE and China Mobile completed the technical verification demonstration of NB-IoT protocol in the laboratory of China Mobile’s 5G Joint Innovation Center.

　　

　　Can non-operators deploy NB-IoT networks?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT need real-name registration system?

　　

　　All needs, tracked to the responsible subject.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT all adopt eSIM?

　　

　　The product features of NB-IoT are that it can work without installation and configuration, and it can be directly connected to the network by booting, and it supports functions such as automatic equipment registration and air upgrade. SIM card and eSIM will coexist for a long time, and operators refuse the soft SIM mode.

　　

　　What is the operator’s plan to quit the 2G/3G network?

　　

　　China Unicom may gradually close its 2G network in 2018, and in some places it may close its 3G network. Japan’s mobile operators have all shut down 2G networks, and AT&T in the United States, Telstra and Optus in Australia have announced plans to shut down 2G networks. Telenor plans to close its 3G network in Norway in 2020, followed by its 2G network in 2025. Some operators consider that there are more than 100 million GPRS IOT terminals and low-end GSM mobile phones for a long time, and the cost of GSM is lower than that of LTE for a long time because of its low complexity and no patent fees. Therefore, most operators will maintain the GSM frequency band to continue their operations for a long time.

　　

　　Do operators support NB-IoT roaming?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　How can operators ensure the stability of NB-IoT network?

　　

　　NB-IoT is directly deployed in GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, which can be reused with existing network base stations to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrade. However, the use of a separate 180KHz frequency band does not occupy the voice and data bandwidth of existing networks, ensuring that traditional services and future Internet of Things services can be carried out stably and reliably at the same time.

　　

　　The control and bearer of NB-IoT are separated, with signaling on the control plane and data on the bearer plane. If it is a low-rate service, it goes directly to the control plane, and no dedicated bearer is established, which omits the signaling process of establishing a link between NAS and the core network and shortens the wake-up recovery delay. NB-IoT is an operational telecommunications network. This is the key to distinguish NB-IoT from GPRS, LoRa, SigFox and other technologies.

　　

　　How can operators make use of NB-IoT network to make profits?

　　

　　Operators’ existing areas such as QoS service quality assurance, network security, telecom-level billing and big data services continue to maintain their industry advantages. NB-IoT network allows operators to strengthen their business service capabilities in the field of Internet of Things, including cloud service provision, mass customer management, real-name authentication of Internet of Things, system general contracting integration, and high-end customized services for large customers.

　　

　　Price issues related to NB-IoT?

　　

　　Operator’s charges: one is based on flow and the other is based on message, and the trend will be lower than the price of GPRS cost chip: lower than the price of 2G main chip, with a reasonable expected price of $1. Module price: lower than the price of GPRS module, with a reasonable expected price of $2. Terminal price: pricing maintenance cost according to actual function: far lower than the existing network maintenance cost subsidy policy: operators will provide larger operating subsidies in the early stage.

　　

　　2. List of questions and answers about NB-IoT technology.

　　

　　Will NB-IoT standard support TDD LTE?

　　

　　At present, FDD LTE system supports NB-IoT technology, while TDD LTE system does not support NB-IoT technology. The physical layer design of NB-IoT mostly follows LTE system technology, such as SC-FDMA for uplink and OFDM for downlink. The design of high-level protocol follows LTE protocol, and its function is enhanced according to its small data packet, low power consumption and large connection characteristics. The core network is connected based on S1 interface, which supports independent deployment and upgrade deployment.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support base station positioning?

　　

　　R13 does not support base station location, but the operator network can do private solutions, such as location based on cell ID, which will not affect the terminal, and only need the network to increase the location server and contact with the base station. R14 plans to enhance positioning, supporting E-CID, UTDOA or OTDOA, and the operator’s desired positioning accuracy target is within 50 meters.

　　

　　Considering the terminal complexity, UTDOA is better, because it has little influence on the terminal, and in the case of enhanced coverage (basement 164dB), UTDOA (uplink) power consumption is lower; If coverage enhancement is not needed in most scenarios, OTDOA (downlink) will be better from the perspective of network capacity.

　　

　　What are the deployment methods of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports three different deployment modes, namely independent deployment, guard band deployment and in-band deployment. Independent deployment: A separate frequency band can be used, which is suitable for re-cultivation in GSM frequency band. Guard band deployment: The marginal useless frequency band in LTE system can be utilized. In-band deployment: Any resource block in the middle of LTE carrier can be utilized.

　　

　　What modulation and demodulation technology does NB-IoT use?

　　

　　OFDMA is used for downlink, and the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. The uplink adopts SC-FDMA, single-tone: 3.75kHz/15kHz, and multi-tone: 15kHz. Only need to support half duplex, with a separate synchronization signal. The terminal supports the indication of Single-tone and Multi-tone capabilities. The MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC layer processing is based on the existing LTE processes and protocols, and the physical layer is optimized.

　　

　　What are the number of connected users and active users of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has 50-100 times the uplink capacity improvement compared with 2G/3G/4G, and NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times the access number compared with the existing wireless technology under the same base station. Under the frequency of 200KHz, according to the simulation test data, a single base station cell can support 50,000 NB-IoT terminals to access.

　　

　　What is the coverage of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has a gain of 20dB higher than that of LTE and GPRS base stations, and it is expected to cover underground garages, basements, underground pipelines and other places where signals are difficult to reach. According to the simulation test data, in the independent deployment mode, the coverage capacity of NB-IoT can reach 164dB, and the in-band deployment and guard band deployment need to be simulated and tested.

　　

　　What is the uplink and downlink transmission rate of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT RF bandwidth is 200kHz. Downlink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250kbps. Uplink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250 kbps (multi-tone)/200 kbps (single-tone).

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support retransmission mechanism?

　　

　　NB-IoT adopts retransmission (up to 200 times) and low-order modulation to enhance coverage.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support voice?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports Push to Talk without coverage enhancement. In the scenario of enhanced coverage of 20dB, only similar voicemails can be supported. NB-IoT does not support VoLTE, which requires too high delay, and the high-level protocol stack needs QoS guarantee, which will increase the cost.

　　

　　Why does the chip of NB-IoT consume low power?

　　

　　The energy consumed by a device is related to the amount or rate of data, and the size of data packets sent per unit time determines the size of power consumption. NB-IoT introduces eDRX power saving technology and PSM power saving mode, which further reduces power consumption and prolongs battery life. NB-IoT can keep devices online all the time, but it can save power by reducing unnecessary signaling and not accepting paging information when in PSM state.

　　

　　In PSM mode, the terminal is still registered in the network, but the signaling is unreachable, which makes the terminal stay in deep sleep for a longer time to save electricity. EDRX power saving technology further prolongs the sleep period of the terminal in idle mode, reduces unnecessary startup of the receiving unit, and greatly improves the downlink accessibility compared with PSM.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT sleep wake-up mode affect battery life?

　　

　　At present, the working time given by NB-IoT is based on simulation data, without considering the battery itself and environmental factors, such as self-discharge and aging of the battery, high and low temperature environmental impact, etc. In actual use, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the power supply time of the battery according to the actual situation. NB-IoT adopts the power-saving scheme of sleep wake-up. When the battery is awakened during sleep, it will receive instantaneous strong current, which will greatly affect the battery life. The application of meter reading usually adopts lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) battery and super capacitor. Consumer electronics and others should be powered by li-polymer.

　　

　　Why are NB-IoT chips cheap?

　　

　　Low speed, low power consumption and low bandwidth bring low cost advantages. Low speed: it means that no large cache is needed, so the cache can be small and the DSP configuration is low; Low power consumption: it means that RF design requirements are low, and small PA can be realized; Low bandwidth: It means that there is no need for complicated equalization algorithm … These factors make the NB-IoT chip small, so the cost will be reduced.

　　

　　Taking a certain chip as an example, NB-IoT chip integrates BB, AP, Flash and battery management, and reserves the function of sensor set. The AP includes three ARM-M0 cores, and each M0 core is responsible for the application, security and communication functions respectively, which facilitates the function management and reduces the cost and power consumption.

　　

　　What is the range of NB-IoT to the device movement rate?

　　

　　NB-IoT is suitable for application scenarios with weak mobility support (such as intelligent meter reading, intelligent parking, etc.), while simplifying the complexity of the terminal and reducing the power consumption of the terminal. NB-IoT does not support mobility management in connected state, including related measurement, measurement report, handover, etc.

　　

　　What is the network delay of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT allows a delay of about 10s, but it can support a lower delay, such as about 6s, in the environment of maximum coupling loss.

　　

　　3. Deployment of NB-IoT technology in various vertical application fields of the Internet of Things.

　　

　　What is the deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application?

　　

　　The deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application field includes hardware cost, network cost, installation cost and service cost. If we want to realize the scale of application field, we must reduce the deployment cost.

　　

　　What is the focus of NB-IoT in vertical application field?

　　

　　NB-IoT technology can meet the requirements of low-rate services with low power consumption, long standby, deep coverage and large capacity, and is more suitable for static services, low sensitivity to time delay, discontinuous movement and real-time data transmission. 1. Autonomous anomaly reporting business types: such as smoke alarm detectors, abnormal equipment operation, etc. The uplink data volume is extremely small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in years and months. 2. Business types of autonomous periodic reporting: such as remote meter reading of public utilities and environmental monitoring, etc. The uplink data volume is small (on the order of 100 bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 3. Service type of remote control instruction:

　　

　　For example, if the equipment is turned on/off remotely, and the equipment triggers to send an uplink report, the downlink data amount is very small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 4. Software remote update service type: such as software patch/update, and the uplink and downlink need a large amount of data (kilobyte level), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours.

　　1. List of questions and alliance answers for operators to deploy NB-IoTAs it happens, many people are killed Wireless Module And bring more benefits, make it flourish, and promote the industry greatly. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　How is the network architecture of NB-IoT composed?

　　

　　Building vertical industry application of Internet of Things based on NB-IoT technology will tend to be simpler and the division of labor will be clearer.

　　

　　How do domestic and foreign operators divide the frequency bands of NB-IoT?

　　

　　Most operators in the world use the 900MHz frequency band to deploy NB-IoT, and some operators deploy it in the 800MHz frequency band. China Unicom’s NB-IoT is deployed in 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands, and only 900MHz can be tested at present. In order to build the NB-IoT Internet of Things, China Mobile will obtain the FDD license and allow the existing 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands to be re-cultivated. China Telecom’s NB-IoT is deployed in the 800MHz band, with a frequency of only 5MHz.

　　

　　NB-IoT network deployment schedule?

　　

　　In 2016, China Unicom launched NB-IoT field-scale networking tests based on 900MHz and 1800MHz in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, Changsha and Yinchuan), as well as more than six business application demonstrations. In 2018, the commercial deployment of NB-IoT will be fully promoted nationwide. China Mobile plans to start the commercialization of NB-IoT in 2017. China Telecom plans to deploy NB-IoT network in the first half of 2017. Huawei and six operators (China Unicom, China Mobile, Vodafone, Emirates Telecom, Telefonica and Italia Telecom) set up six NB-IoT open laboratories around the world, focusing on NB-IoT business innovation, industry development, interoperability testing and product compatibility verification. ZTE and China Mobile completed the technical verification demonstration of NB-IoT protocol in the laboratory of China Mobile’s 5G Joint Innovation Center.

　　

　　Can non-operators deploy NB-IoT networks?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT need real-name registration system?

　　

　　All needs, tracked to the responsible subject.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT all adopt eSIM?

　　

　　The product features of NB-IoT are that it can work without installation and configuration, and it can be directly connected to the network by booting, and it supports functions such as automatic equipment registration and air upgrade. SIM card and eSIM will coexist for a long time, and operators refuse the soft SIM mode.

　　

　　What is the operator’s plan to quit the 2G/3G network?

　　

　　China Unicom may gradually close its 2G network in 2018, and in some places it may close its 3G network. Japan’s mobile operators have all shut down 2G networks, and AT&T in the United States, Telstra and Optus in Australia have announced plans to shut down 2G networks. Telenor plans to close its 3G network in Norway in 2020, followed by its 2G network in 2025. Some operators consider that there are more than 100 million GPRS IOT terminals and low-end GSM mobile phones for a long time, and the cost of GSM is lower than that of LTE for a long time because of its low complexity and no patent fees. Therefore, most operators will maintain the GSM frequency band to continue their operations for a long time.

　　

　　Do operators support NB-IoT roaming?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　How can operators ensure the stability of NB-IoT network?

　　

　　NB-IoT is directly deployed in GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, which can be reused with existing network base stations to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrade. However, the use of a separate 180KHz frequency band does not occupy the voice and data bandwidth of existing networks, ensuring that traditional services and future Internet of Things services can be carried out stably and reliably at the same time.

　　

　　The control and bearer of NB-IoT are separated, with signaling on the control plane and data on the bearer plane. If it is a low-rate service, it goes directly to the control plane, and no dedicated bearer is established, which omits the signaling process of establishing a link between NAS and the core network and shortens the wake-up recovery delay. NB-IoT is an operational telecommunications network. This is the key to distinguish NB-IoT from GPRS, LoRa, SigFox and other technologies.

　　

　　How can operators make use of NB-IoT network to make profits?

　　

　　Operators’ existing areas such as QoS service quality assurance, network security, telecom-level billing and big data services continue to maintain their industry advantages. NB-IoT network allows operators to strengthen their business service capabilities in the field of Internet of Things, including cloud service provision, mass customer management, real-name authentication of Internet of Things, system general contracting integration, and high-end customized services for large customers.

　　

　　Price issues related to NB-IoT?

　　

　　Operator’s charges: one is based on flow and the other is based on message, and the trend will be lower than the price of GPRS cost chip: lower than the price of 2G main chip, with a reasonable expected price of $1. Module price: lower than the price of GPRS module, with a reasonable expected price of $2. Terminal price: pricing maintenance cost according to actual function: far lower than the existing network maintenance cost subsidy policy: operators will provide larger operating subsidies in the early stage.

　　

　　2. List of questions and answers about NB-IoT technology.

　　

　　Will NB-IoT standard support TDD LTE?

　　

　　At present, FDD LTE system supports NB-IoT technology, while TDD LTE system does not support NB-IoT technology. The physical layer design of NB-IoT mostly follows LTE system technology, such as SC-FDMA for uplink and OFDM for downlink. The design of high-level protocol follows LTE protocol, and its function is enhanced according to its small data packet, low power consumption and large connection characteristics. The core network is connected based on S1 interface, which supports independent deployment and upgrade deployment.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support base station positioning?

　　

　　R13 does not support base station location, but the operator network can do private solutions, such as location based on cell ID, which will not affect the terminal, and only need the network to increase the location server and contact with the base station. R14 plans to enhance positioning, supporting E-CID, UTDOA or OTDOA, and the operator’s desired positioning accuracy target is within 50 meters.

　　

　　Considering the terminal complexity, UTDOA is better, because it has little influence on the terminal, and in the case of enhanced coverage (basement 164dB), UTDOA (uplink) power consumption is lower; If coverage enhancement is not needed in most scenarios, OTDOA (downlink) will be better from the perspective of network capacity.

　　

　　What are the deployment methods of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports three different deployment modes, namely independent deployment, guard band deployment and in-band deployment. Independent deployment: A separate frequency band can be used, which is suitable for re-cultivation in GSM frequency band. Guard band deployment: The marginal useless frequency band in LTE system can be utilized. In-band deployment: Any resource block in the middle of LTE carrier can be utilized.

　　

　　What modulation and demodulation technology does NB-IoT use?

　　

　　OFDMA is used for downlink, and the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. The uplink adopts SC-FDMA, single-tone: 3.75kHz/15kHz, and multi-tone: 15kHz. Only need to support half duplex, with a separate synchronization signal. The terminal supports the indication of Single-tone and Multi-tone capabilities. The MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC layer processing is based on the existing LTE processes and protocols, and the physical layer is optimized.

　　

　　What are the number of connected users and active users of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has 50-100 times the uplink capacity improvement compared with 2G/3G/4G, and NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times the access number compared with the existing wireless technology under the same base station. Under the frequency of 200KHz, according to the simulation test data, a single base station cell can support 50,000 NB-IoT terminals to access.

　　

　　What is the coverage of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has a gain of 20dB higher than that of LTE and GPRS base stations, and it is expected to cover underground garages, basements, underground pipelines and other places where signals are difficult to reach. According to the simulation test data, in the independent deployment mode, the coverage capacity of NB-IoT can reach 164dB, and the in-band deployment and guard band deployment need to be simulated and tested.

　　

　　What is the uplink and downlink transmission rate of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT RF bandwidth is 200kHz. Downlink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250kbps. Uplink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250 kbps (multi-tone)/200 kbps (single-tone).

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support retransmission mechanism?

　　

　　NB-IoT adopts retransmission (up to 200 times) and low-order modulation to enhance coverage.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support voice?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports Push to Talk without coverage enhancement. In the scenario of enhanced coverage of 20dB, only similar voicemails can be supported. NB-IoT does not support VoLTE, which requires too high delay, and the high-level protocol stack needs QoS guarantee, which will increase the cost.

　　

　　Why does the chip of NB-IoT consume low power?

　　

　　The energy consumed by a device is related to the amount or rate of data, and the size of data packets sent per unit time determines the size of power consumption. NB-IoT introduces eDRX power saving technology and PSM power saving mode, which further reduces power consumption and prolongs battery life. NB-IoT can keep devices online all the time, but it can save power by reducing unnecessary signaling and not accepting paging information when in PSM state.

　　

　　In PSM mode, the terminal is still registered in the network, but the signaling is unreachable, which makes the terminal stay in deep sleep for a longer time to save electricity. EDRX power saving technology further prolongs the sleep period of the terminal in idle mode, reduces unnecessary startup of the receiving unit, and greatly improves the downlink accessibility compared with PSM.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT sleep wake-up mode affect battery life?

　　

　　At present, the working time given by NB-IoT is based on simulation data, without considering the battery itself and environmental factors, such as self-discharge and aging of the battery, high and low temperature environmental impact, etc. In actual use, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the power supply time of the battery according to the actual situation. NB-IoT adopts the power-saving scheme of sleep wake-up. When the battery is awakened during sleep, it will receive instantaneous strong current, which will greatly affect the battery life. The application of meter reading usually adopts lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) battery and super capacitor. Consumer electronics and others should be powered by li-polymer.

　　

　　Why are NB-IoT chips cheap?

　　

　　Low speed, low power consumption and low bandwidth bring low cost advantages. Low speed: it means that no large cache is needed, so the cache can be small and the DSP configuration is low; Low power consumption: it means that RF design requirements are low, and small PA can be realized; Low bandwidth: It means that there is no need for complicated equalization algorithm … These factors make the NB-IoT chip small, so the cost will be reduced.

　　

　　Taking a certain chip as an example, NB-IoT chip integrates BB, AP, Flash and battery management, and reserves the function of sensor set. The AP includes three ARM-M0 cores, and each M0 core is responsible for the application, security and communication functions respectively, which facilitates the function management and reduces the cost and power consumption.

　　

　　What is the range of NB-IoT to the device movement rate?

　　

　　NB-IoT is suitable for application scenarios with weak mobility support (such as intelligent meter reading, intelligent parking, etc.), while simplifying the complexity of the terminal and reducing the power consumption of the terminal. NB-IoT does not support mobility management in connected state, including related measurement, measurement report, handover, etc.

　　

　　What is the network delay of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT allows a delay of about 10s, but it can support a lower delay, such as about 6s, in the environment of maximum coupling loss.

　　

　　3. Deployment of NB-IoT technology in various vertical application fields of the Internet of Things.

　　

　　What is the deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application?

　　

　　The deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application field includes hardware cost, network cost, installation cost and service cost. If we want to realize the scale of application field, we must reduce the deployment cost.

　　

　　What is the focus of NB-IoT in vertical application field?

　　

　　NB-IoT technology can meet the requirements of low-rate services with low power consumption, long standby, deep coverage and large capacity, and is more suitable for static services, low sensitivity to time delay, discontinuous movement and real-time data transmission. 1. Autonomous anomaly reporting business types: such as smoke alarm detectors, abnormal equipment operation, etc. The uplink data volume is extremely small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in years and months. 2. Business types of autonomous periodic reporting: such as remote meter reading of public utilities and environmental monitoring, etc. The uplink data volume is small (on the order of 100 bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 3. Service type of remote control instruction:

　　

　　For example, if the equipment is turned on/off remotely, and the equipment triggers to send an uplink report, the downlink data amount is very small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 4. Software remote update service type: such as software patch/update, and the uplink and downlink need a large amount of data (kilobyte level), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours.

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　　Social and cultural factors:

　　

　　Film and television works: The costumes of characters in popular movies and TV series often trigger trends. For example, the dressing style of the heroine in the Korean drama ＾My Love from the Star￣ has driven the popularity of related clothing styles.

　　

　　Music and stars: The stage costumes of well-known singers and the daily wear of stars will become the objects of imitation by fans, thus affecting the fashion trend. For example, Michael Jackson¨s classic outfits have led the trend.

　　

　　Cultural movements: Cultural trends such as feminism and environmentalism will be reflected in clothing, promoting the popularity of specific styles and elements.

　　

　　Economic factors:

　　

　　Economic conditions: When the economy is booming, people are more inclined to buy fashionable and novel clothing; when the economy is in recession, they may pay more attention to practicality and cost-effectiveness.

　　

　　Consumer power: Consumers¨ income level determines their purchasing power for high-end brands and fashion items.

　　

　　Technological factors:

　　

　　Fabric innovation: The research and development of new fabrics, such as fabrics with waterproof, breathable, self-heating and other functions, will affect the design and style of clothing.

　　

　　Production technology: Advanced production technology can achieve more complex designs and faster production speeds, promoting the renewal of clothing styles.

　　

　　Political factors:Policies and regulations: For example, environmental protection policies may prompt clothing companies to adopt more environmentally friendly production methods and materials, thereby affecting the production and appearance of clothing.

　　

　　International relations: Cultural exchanges and trade between different countries will also lead to the integration and spread of clothing styles.

　　

　　Environmental factors:

　　

　　Seasonal changes: Different seasons require clothing of different materials and styles, such as light and breathable clothing in summer, and thick clothing with good warmth in winter.

　　

　　Abnormal climate: The increase in extreme weather may lead to an increase in demand for functional clothing, such as sun protection clothing and rainproof clothing.

　　

　　Social media and the Internet:

　　

　　Social platforms: Such as Instagram, TikTok, etc., the sharing of fashion bloggers and Internet celebrities can quickly spread fashion information and guide fashion trends.

　　

　　Online shopping platforms: Through big data analysis and recommendations, it affects consumers¨ choices and thus shapes fashion trends.

　　

　　Designers and fashion brands:

　　

　　Designers¨ creativity and ideas: The works of well-known designers can often lead fashion trends.

　　

　　Brand marketing and promotion: Advertising and new product launches by big brands have a great influence on fashion trends.

　　

　　Consumer demand and psychology:

　　

　　Pursuit of individuality: Consumers want to show their unique personality and style through clothing.

　　

　　Herd mentality: When a certain clothing style is accepted and worn by most people, others may also follow the trend.

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　　Social and cultural factors:

　　

　　Film and television works: The costumes of characters in popular movies and TV series often trigger trends. For example, the dressing style of the heroine in the Korean drama ＾My Love from the Star￣ has driven the popularity of related clothing styles.

　　

　　Music and stars: The stage costumes of well-known singers and the daily wear of stars will become the objects of imitation by fans, thus affecting the fashion trend. For example, Michael Jackson¨s classic outfits have led the trend.

　　

　　Cultural movements: Cultural trends such as feminism and environmentalism will be reflected in clothing, promoting the popularity of specific styles and elements.

　　

　　Economic factors:

　　

　　Economic conditions: When the economy is booming, people are more inclined to buy fashionable and novel clothing; when the economy is in recession, they may pay more attention to practicality and cost-effectiveness.

　　

　　Consumer power: Consumers¨ income level determines their purchasing power for high-end brands and fashion items.

　　

　　Technological factors:

　　

　　Fabric innovation: The research and development of new fabrics, such as fabrics with waterproof, breathable, self-heating and other functions, will affect the design and style of clothing.

　　

　　Production technology: Advanced production technology can achieve more complex designs and faster production speeds, promoting the renewal of clothing styles.

　　

　　Political factors:Policies and regulations: For example, environmental protection policies may prompt clothing companies to adopt more environmentally friendly production methods and materials, thereby affecting the production and appearance of clothing.

　　

　　International relations: Cultural exchanges and trade between different countries will also lead to the integration and spread of clothing styles.

　　

　　Environmental factors:

　　

　　Seasonal changes: Different seasons require clothing of different materials and styles, such as light and breathable clothing in summer, and thick clothing with good warmth in winter.

　　

　　Abnormal climate: The increase in extreme weather may lead to an increase in demand for functional clothing, such as sun protection clothing and rainproof clothing.

　　

　　Social media and the Internet:

　　

　　Social platforms: Such as Instagram, TikTok, etc., the sharing of fashion bloggers and Internet celebrities can quickly spread fashion information and guide fashion trends.

　　

　　Online shopping platforms: Through big data analysis and recommendations, it affects consumers¨ choices and thus shapes fashion trends.

　　

　　Designers and fashion brands:

　　

　　Designers¨ creativity and ideas: The works of well-known designers can often lead fashion trends.

　　

　　Brand marketing and promotion: Advertising and new product launches by big brands have a great influence on fashion trends.

　　

　　Consumer demand and psychology:

　　

　　Pursuit of individuality: Consumers want to show their unique personality and style through clothing.

　　

　　Herd mentality: When a certain clothing style is accepted and worn by most people, others may also follow the trend.

　　Layering is an essential skill in men¨s fashion, especially when the weather is unpredictable or when you want to elevate your style. Knowing how to layer effectively can transform your look from casual to sophisticated, ensuring you¨re dressed appropriately for any occasion. In this guide, we¨ll explore the art of layering with men¨s jackets, using versatile pieces like the 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt and casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket to create outfits that are both stylish and functional.With the expanding influence of the industry, hoodies men custom logo Our business is also constantly spreading, and the development of the market is also gradually advancing. https://leduogarment.com

　　

　　The Basics of Layering

　　

　　Layering is all about combining different pieces of clothing to create a cohesive and stylish look. It involves wearing multiple layers, starting with a base layer, followed by mid-layers, and finishing with an outer layer. Here are the key components:

　　

　　Base Layer: The base layer is the foundation of your outfit. It should be comfortable and fit close to the body. This could be a simple t-shirt, a lightweight sweater, or a button-down shirt.

　　

　　Mid-Layer: The mid-layer adds warmth and dimension to your outfit. This is where you can introduce pieces like the 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt. This sweatshirt not only provides insulation but also adds a casual, relaxed vibe to your look.

　　

　　Outer Layer: The outer layer is the final piece that ties your outfit together. This could be a coat, jacket, or blazer, depending on the occasion. A casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket is an excellent choice for this layer, offering a balance between style and comfort.

　　

　　Layering for Casual Occasions

　　

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　　For your outer layer, opt for a casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket. This jacket is versatile enough to be worn in various settings, from a weekend brunch to a casual evening out. The cardigan jacket adds a layer of warmth while maintaining a laid-back look. Pair this combination with jeans and sneakers for a complete casual outfit.

　　

　　Layering for Smart-Casual Occasions

　　

　　Smart-casual occasions require a bit more refinement. Start with a crisp button-down shirt as your base layer. Choose a neutral color like white, light blue, or grey to keep things classic. Add the 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt as your mid-layer. The sweatshirt¨s hoodie adds a modern twist, giving your outfit an edge while keeping you warm.

　　

　　For the outer layer, go for a structured jacket like the casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket. This jacket¨s sleek design makes it ideal for smart-casual settings. The cardigan style adds sophistication without being overly formal. Complete the look with chinos or tailored trousers and a pair of loafers or dress shoes.

　　

　　Layering for Formal Occasions

　　

　　Layering for formal occasions can be a bit tricky, but it¨s possible to incorporate casual elements without compromising on elegance. Start with a well-fitted dress shirt as your base layer. Opt for a classic color like white or light blue.

　　

　　Next, add a 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt. This might seem unconventional, but the key is to choose a sweatshirt in a neutral color like black, grey, or navy. The double-head zipper allows you to adjust the look, making it suitable for a formal setting.

　　

　　Finally, top off your outfit with a tailored blazer or coat. The casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket can also work if it¨s in a darker color and has a more structured fit. Pair this with dress trousers and polished leather shoes to maintain a formal appearance.

　　

　　Choosing the Right Fabrics

　　

　　When layering, the choice of fabric is crucial. You want to avoid bulky fabrics that can make you look oversized. Instead, opt for lightweight and breathable materials for your base and mid-layers. The 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt is a great option because it provides warmth without being too heavy.

　　

　　For the outer layer, the casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket made from wool, cotton blends, or even lightweight technical fabrics offers both style and functionality. These materials are perfect for trapping heat and keeping you comfortable in varying weather conditions.

　　

　　Conclusion

　　

　　Mastering the art of layering with men¨s jackets can elevate your style and ensure you¨re prepared for any occasion. Whether you¨re dressing for a casual day out, a smart-casual event, or even a formal occasion, the right combination of layers can make all the difference. Incorporating versatile pieces like the 450g hollow double-head zipper hooded sweatshirt and casual trendy cardigan men¨s jacket allows you to create stylish, functional outfits that are perfect for any setting.

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　　The Allure of French Terry Fabric

　　

　　French terry is a fabric known for its comfort and versatility. Made from 100% cotton, it provides a soft, breathable feel against the skin, making it ideal for both casual and active wear. The material is lightweight yet warm, perfect for layering during cooler months or wearing on its own during transitional seasons.

　　

　　One of the standout features of the French terry fabric is its durability. Unlike other materials that may lose shape or softness after repeated washes, French terry maintains its integrity, ensuring that your hoodie stays in top condition for years to come. The absorbent nature of the fabric also makes it great for those on the go, as it wicks away moisture while keeping you comfortable.

　　

　　Oversized Fit: Comfort Meets Street Style

　　

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　　The Sparkle of Rhinestones: Making a Bold Statement

　　

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　　How to Style Your Custom Hoodie

　　

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　　Conclusion

　　

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　　Is our ip address. Ip address is like our “ID card” in the network world. Once it is maliciously used or exposed, it may lead to information security.

　　

　　Problems arise. And through the method of ip proxy, you can hide your own IP.

　　

　　Ip proxy, also known as network proxy, is a kind of network service. The proxy server is located between the user and the target website and acts as a transit point. When the user sends the network,

　　

　　When requesting, the request will first reach the proxy server, which will forward it to the target website. In this way, users can hide themselves.

　　

　　The purpose of ip.

　　

　　Now that we have understood the basic concept of ip proxy, what are the key factors in choosing ip proxy? This will be summarized from the following points:

　　

　　1. A high-quality proxy server can provide users with a stable network speed to ensure that users can carry out network activities smoothly.

　　

　　2. Ip proxy must take strict security measures to protect users’ privacy and data security, and at the same time, it can effectively prevent information leakage.

　　

　　3. The wider the coverage of proxy server, the more choices users can have when choosing ip address, and at the same time, it is necessary to ensure the compatibility of proxy services.

　　

　　Various devices and operating systems, so that users can use them more conveniently.

　　

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　　Health.

　　The main methods to correctly select ip proxy are as follows:

　　

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　　Personal privacy and network security.